Physical Restraint Use On Elderly Essay - 851 Words

Physical Restraint Use on Elderly in Long-Term Care Facilities A. Introduction a. Attention Getter: i. â€Å"My interest is in the welfare of the community. I ease the way of the cripple. I am compassionate of the aged. My exultation is in the strength of mankind. I teach. I lead. I serve.† In 1920 the American Red Cross printed their creed in newspapers around the country. b. Introduce Topic: In 1987 President Ronald Reagan passed the Federal Nursing Home Reform Act. This Act, also known as the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA), brought reform and a set of standards of care for people living in certified nursing facilities. (Hollis) Included in these set of standards, is the â€Å"Resident’s Bill of Rights†, which states that residents of nursing facilities have â€Å"The right to be free from †¦ any physical or chemical restraints imposed for purposes of discipline or convenience and not required to treat the resident’s medical symptoms†. (U.S. Code Title 42 Chapter 7) i. Despite these â€Å"rights† nurses in the United States and around the world still use restraints stating the main reason is for patient safety. ii. Falls are the leading cause of emergency room visits and unintentional death in Americans 65+ years old. (Centers For Disease Control Prevention) iii. c. Background Information: A physical restraint can be defined as â€Å"any manual method or physical/mechanical device, material, or equipment attached or adjacent to the resident’s body that the individual cannotShow MoreRelatedDifferences in the Use of Physical Restraint for the Elderly and the Risk Factors of Falls1935 Words   |  8 PagesFalls and physical restraint use are a common practice in the care of the elderly and many efforts have been made to decrease this practice. Falls and injuries associated with restraint usage are a major issue because of their adverse outcome on mortality and morbidity. Prevention of falls and injuries is the most common reason fo r mechanically or physically restraining the elderly in healthcare facilities (Arbesman Wright, 1999). Its use has, conversely, been examined both from an ethical perspectiveRead MorePhysical Restraints And Nursing Homes : Clinical Ethical Considerations By Chris Gastmans And K Milisen1096 Words   |  5 Pagespurpose of this essay is â€Å"Use of physical restraints in nursing homes: clinical-ethical considerations† by Chris Gastmans and K Milisen. The ethical dimension of care is an essential part of good nursing practice, and ethical reflection is necessary for nurses to come to thoughtful and balanced decisions. Critical reflection on what constitutes good care is required in everyday care, but even more so in ethically charged situations such as those requiring physical restraint (Goethals, Casterle GastmansRead MoreFreedom Vs. Control Essay896 Words   |  4 Pagescareers. In nursing ethics patients have an inherent right to physical autonomy wherever possible, and this includes a human rights and the need to allow informed consent. The law of informed consent implies the notion of autonomy, or patient freedom. Patient restraints are a huge ethical issue in nursing. Many people believe it is a cruel and unusual punishment. However, restraints can be very beneficial if used in the correct way. Restraints may be used for those who at risk to harm themselves, otherRead MoreGerman and Norwegian Elderly Care Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesGerman and Norwegian Elderly Care Key words care users, care workers, formal and family care provision, access to health care, barriers to health care, uninsured elderly, retirement homes Our elderly should be afforded the best possible care. This care should not only be financial but mentally and emotionally as well. They may not be able to care for themselves, but they have paid their dues, and took care of us now its our turn to take care of them. We were born into this world defenselessRead MoreRestraints Review Of Qualitative And Quantitative Studies1517 Words   |  7 PagesRestraints Review of Qualitative and Quantitative studies The purpose of this paper is to critique the research article, Mohler Meyer’s â€Å"Attitude of nurses towards the use of restraints in geriatric care: A systemic review of qualitative and quantitative study 2014. The incident I am going to discuss in this paper is of Mr. P., an 85-year-old man, admitted to this facility about 4 months ago. His history includes coronary heart disease, cataract, dementia, hypertension, macular degeneration andRead MoreIs Abuse A Nursing Homes? What Are The Warning Signs?951 Words   |  4 Pages What is abuse in nursing homes? What are the warning signs? How did abuse in nursing homes start? To begin, there are different types of abuse such as: emotional, sexual, neglect, financial and physical abuse. Next, the warning signs of any type of abuse are tension between the elderly and changes in behavior. Finally, nursing homes have a long history of abuse, but because of laws and regulations there has been less cases than in the past. In conclusion, abuse in nursing homes can be avoided byRead MoreUse Of Restraints And Its Ethical Implications1652 Words   |  7 PagesThe use of restraints, and its ethical implications, has been an ongoing controversy for several years; during the research process this author found articles that dated back as far as 1963. It is necessary to ensure patient safety and positive outcomes of treatments, but not at the detriment of the patient. Several studies have documented increasing poor patient outcomes directly related to the use of restraints ; some examples include, difficulties with balance and gait, skin breakdown, furtherRead MoreLack of Exercise May Cause Falls in the Elderly1903 Words   |  8 PagesCause Falls in the Elderly Problem Section Falls are a major source of death and injury in elderly people. For example, they cause 90% of hip fractures and the current cost of hip fractures in the US is estimated to be about 10 billion dollars (Kato, Izumi, Hiramatsu, Shogenji, 2006). Ensuring patient safety is one of the main reasons given for use of restraints. However, according to Jech (2006), the use of physical restraints is unlikely to prevent falls. Physical restraints, such as tie-downRead MoreThe Use of Physical Restraint Essay1782 Words   |  8 PagesThe use of physical restraint is quite common among caregivers in health facilities when dealing with geriatric patients. Yet this topic is one of the most debated issues in healthcare and medicine. The purpose of medical restraints is to prevent patients from harming themselves or those around them. It seems to be a simple solution and panacea for unruly patients who needs to be treated. However, ethical implications surround its usage as the practice of physicall y restricting people strips themRead MoreWhat Are Elder Abuse?896 Words   |  4 Pagesact or a lack of action that results in harm, physical pain, impairement or loss in an older person. Abuse can take many forms such as withholding food, water, care, medication and shelter, isolating and restraining the elderly without medical reasons, it can also be intentional or unintentional neglect. 2. What are the recognized types of elder abuse? a. Physical abuse – use of intentional force that cause pain, injury or impairement in the elderly. It includes but not limited to violence such

Should Sikh Children Be Allowed To Wear A Kirpan In School Free Essays

Despite that they are Sikh and it’s their own religion, allot of Sikhs would still argue that they shouldn’t bring it in. One Of the reasons is that they do not fully understand what it means and what it is used for, there for they would not weir it. Another reason being that they don’t have to bring a knife in to show that they are a part of their religion; they could wear a badge instead. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Sikh Children Be Allowed To Wear A Kirpan In School or any similar topic only for you Order Now This would show everyone that they are Sikhs without the hassle of bringing a knife. For-non Sikh Non Sikhs that would argue for it being allowed would usually say if its apart f their religion, let them wear it. They also might argue that it is not sharp another to hurt anyone unless used with allot of force. And they say that Sikhs would not even get it out for it to be used. As well as not being used it is also not noticeable to anyone as it is usually hidden away under their cloths. Against-non Sikh Non Sikhs could argue that it is bad for Sikhs to bring a Korean in because it could scare other people. It could also be stolen and then used. Non Sikhs could argue that if Sikhs get to bring knives in for protection other people loud start bringing in knives too. They also think that in schools there is a rule that no knives must be brought into school no matter what, a Korean is a knife Personal opinion personally think that the Korean should not be brought into school because it is a knife and knifes are not allowed in school. If they want to respect their religion they can wear a badge instead. People could also be afraid of the person using it and not want to get on their bad side. Also if it is stolen it could be used to hurt someone with. How to cite Should Sikh Children Be Allowed To Wear A Kirpan In School, Papers

Problems and Prospects of Banking Industry in Bangladesh free essay sample

Problems and prospects of banking industry in Bangladesh The central bank has finally approved nine more banks in addition to existing 47 commercial banks in Bangladesh. Three new NRB commercial banks, sponsored by non-resident Bangladeshis (NRBs), and six private commercial banks (PCBs), have been approved aiming to help boost the inflow of foreign exchange and strengthen the ongoing financial inclusion programmes through bringing unbanked people under the banking network respectively. The letters of intent (LoIs) `have already been issued to the sponsors of such approved banks. There have been many significant developments in the economy of Bangladesh since 2000-2001, the central bank stated, explaining the economic context and rationale behind issuing licences in favour of new banks. The economy has grown and the banking system has become more competitive but there are still a large number of under-banked people in Bangladesh. Recent estimates from a survey conducted by the Institute of Microfinance (IoF) found that only 45 per cent of the nearly 9000 households surveyed do have access to banks and micro-finance institutions (MFIs) for loans. We will write a custom essay sample on Problems and Prospects of Banking Industry in Bangladesh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The population per branch (21065) and the ratio of loan accounts per 1000 adults (42yrs) suggest that the outreach of the formal financial sector in Bangladesh is lower than that in India (14485 and 124 respectively) and Pakistan (20340 population per branch and 47 loan accounts per 1000), according to the statement of IoF. Bangladesh Bank assumes that the new banks will help increase the quality of banking services by increasing competition in the banking sector. They will also be able to meet the unfulfilled demand for credit by the private sector whose needs have grown in line with a fast expanding economy. The central bank noted that, for new banks the ratio of opening rural and urban branch will be 1:1 which will help increase bank branches in rural areas and improve financial inclusion. But the home truth is; no bank can expand in the rural areas before concentrating and making business in urban areas. Earlier, the issue of granting licenses to new banks caused many to raise their eyebrows. Questions were being asked by authentic experts, bankers and people even on the board of directors of the central bank about the wisdom of allowing more banks, a sector that had been struggling hard to cope with the problem of liquidity shortage for years together. The banking sector is already saturated with 47 commercial banks. There was no logic to allow new banks at this moment of the country. The new comers will create an unhealthy competition in banking services, affect stability of the sector and cause profitability of the existing banks to suffer. The entry of more banks will trigger a flight of huge fund including Tk 36. 00 billion from existing banks to place as paid-up capital against new banks; this will lead to further deteriorations of the stringent situation already prevailing in the banking sector. The similar incident will take place for quality employees of the existing banks. All these will lead to a greater mismatch between their credit and deposit ratio and acute shortage of good bankers. The banks will be forced to go for risky investment after collecting deposit at high rate from an already saturated market. It will seriously affect the overall bank- business and the industry as well. Banks are to facilitate all kinds of economic activities and finance many other needs of the people, in both urban and rural areas. But overcrowding of the banking sector is not at all desirable as this, instead of meeting those objectives, would create problems for the sector itself, particularly the existing operators in the sector. This might even adversely impact the vital sectors of the economy in the process. It was unlikely that the board of directors of Bangladesh Bank were not aware of that fact. Yet they were trying to select the right ones since the government is unrelenting in its decision to allow new banks. Opening up of new banks on political consideration, as reported time and again, may reduce the confidence of the clients in banks as well as impair the management quality of the overall banking sector. Meanwhile, some speculators state that as soon as new banks kick off their operations a heavy pressure on deposits of existing banks would be exerted. The latter are likely to see a flight of deposits while their existing loan liabilities including non-performing loans (NPLs) will remain at an unchanged level. This is likely to cause a mismatch between their deposits and outstanding amount of credits or loan portfolio. Now that the central bank already approved new banks and issued the LoIs, it will be just beating about the bush to say anything to the contrary. Rather, now it is better to design how all these banks can be managed smoothly. In this regard the following measures may be implemented: * The new banks should introduce new and innovative services and should scale up their products for the sake of making the government decision meaningful. There is no denying that the quality of the sponsors largely influences the quality of operation of banks as such sponsors play an important role in the decision-making. So, the central bank will have to closely examine the track records of the sponsors and it must not give in to political pressure of any sort on this issue. The quality of the bank directors should be maintained scrupulously. * The central bank may concentrate its attention on the colour of money of the proposed directors who will be investing as the paid-up capital. The central bank must have to play the role of a watchdog in case of shopping the investment clients of new banks from existing banks by approving the higher limit then the present outstanding. The central bank must have to be vigilant in examining the proposed investment clients of new banks, particularly those whose cases have to be rescheduled. Getting rescheduled, the sick clients in the existing banks become very much performing in new banks for the time being in the backdrop of opening new banks in the market. The central bank needs to require to consider several other issues, prior to giving effective permission to new banks, including ownership quality. The vital issue that deserves priority attention of both central bank and the government is better banking coverage of the hitherto neglected rural areas. The new banks may be asked to serve the rural people extensively. * On the top of everything, both the central bank and the government will have to ensure the entry of stronger players in the banking arena and keep close watch on the effects of such an entry on the overall banking industry. The Bangladesh Bank and Bangladesh Institute of Bank Management (BIBM) have to take preparation on structuring the banks by training up the bankers. Because market will be oversaturated as soon as the new banks start operations. The precipitations of banks may appear at the bottom of the banker of banks in Bangladesh. Time has arrived; the possibility of merger of weak banks cannot be laughed away. Still we hope for the best. The newly approved three NRB commercial banks namely, NRB Commercial Bank Ltd, NRB Bank Ltd and NRB Bank Ltd will bring USD150. 0 million as paid up capital of the non-resident Bangladeshis (NRBs).

The History Of Hard Rock Cafe Tourism Essay Essay Example

The History Of Hard Rock Cafe Tourism Essay Essay The history of Hard Rock Cafe headquartered in Orlando, Florida began from July 14, 1971 by the visual aspect of a modest coffeehouse in London, England. Hard Rock Cafe s laminitiss are Isaac Tigrett and Peter Morton, two enterprising and music-loving Americans. And, 1982 is the clip for HR s enlargement when 2 proprietors decided to develop their ain HRC in many different topographic points. After some passages and acquisitions, HR International now belongs to the Seminole Tribe of Florida with over 171 locales in more than 52 states around the universe, including 134 coffeehouse and 15 Hotels/Casinos, unrecorded music locales, and a immense one-year Rockfest concert. Differing from other corporations, HRC s consciousness of the trade name appeared at start-up and throughout the development procedure. Hard Rock Cafe theoretical account is typical of the method of building merchandises by subject a trade name new selling tool. Hard Rock Cafe is a mixture of experience, manner, amusement factor, sharing consciousness and finally memories storage. This is the cardinal factor taking HRC s present success. With stone n axial rotation esthesia A HR birthright- demonstrated by USD million valued aggregations of memorabilia, service doctrine Love All Serve All and operations under the streamer Save The Planet, Hard Rock Cafe the nucleus of HR International amusement and leisure company- will decidedly go on to successfully spread out the Hard Rock Brand. Kuala Lumpur ( Malaysia ) and Ho Chi Minh City ( Vietnam ) are considered alien and widespread venues of HR system. In 2011, Hanoi ( Vietnam ) is one of eight locales of HRC coming into being. We will write a custom essay sample on The History Of Hard Rock Cafe Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The History Of Hard Rock Cafe Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The History Of Hard Rock Cafe Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I. THE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT STRATEGY OF HRC From a modest coffeehouse in London, HRC now occupies over 171 locations in 52 states. This success has been achieved by altering from a themed eating house into one take parting in what is now called the Experience Economy . Working in service industry, HRC s merchandises are services and they are intangible. OM ever plays an of import portion in service country. HRC understands this and uses OM efficaciously to acquire entree to their mark service invitees with alone experiences at each every bit good as every coffeehouse. This is found through its mission of To distribute the spirit of Rock n Roll by presenting an exceeding amusement and dining experience. We are committed to being an of import, conducive member of our community and offering the Hard Rock household a merriment, healthy, and fostering work environment while guaranting our long-run success . In service industry, scheme is fundamentally OM strategy.HRC uses Multi-Domestic scheme when utilizing its ( US ) domestic theoretical account globally, and utilizing franchising operations when it makes sense to make so. ( Half company, half franchise ) . This may includes utilizing the usage of joint ventures or subordinates. Franchises are used when it is decided that local ownership will convey a alone capableness, or local conditions suggest there will be an unusual or hard execution . In order to entree the competitory advantage ( Strategic Differentiation, Low Cost, and Response ) . Although HRC has no normal rivals, a batch of its challengers are from experience that tourers can see. HRC selectively applies 10 OM determinations, lending to singular accomplishments. This consequences in 92 % name recognistion all over the universe, seting HR in the top 10 of all eating houses. 1. Merchandise and Service Design With the doctrine Love all serve all , HRC provide invitees with experience, non repasts merely. Here, the chefs modify bill of fare from authoritative American Burger A ; chicken wings- to include higher-end points ( stuffed veau chops, lobster dress suits ) . They besides analyse and test the repasts every bit good as reappraisal the bill of fare to do certain the nutrient is good qualified and delightful plenty to function their invitees. Because HRC Easts to distinction for doing competitory advantage, the bill of fare every bit good as nutrient is normally changed. Besides, HR is adding a new accent on unrecorded music A ; redesigning its eating houses to suit the changing gustatory sensations. 2. Quality Differing from merchandise, service s quality is affected by many subjective criterions. It is non easy to put up a general degree of quality. This requires a serious attempt to acquire a success. With a concatenation of over 171 locations in 52 states, HRC has presents retained many trade names. HRC realises the importance of entire quality ; hence, each staff or each repast is strongly focused. The staff must be good qualified. They besides make research on nutrient, gustatory sensation or providers. Many studies about quality have been on a regular basis done based on the feedback or remark sheet from invitees. They aim at the most perfect quality by utilizing the scorecard of a one to seven graduated table. If the tonss are non a seven, this means a failure. They are happy to have the remarks from invitees, even the ailments by which they can better the services. That is the ground of the slogan We re traveling to harvest the benefits of the attempts that we put into it, so in t he terminal, the love you take is equal to the love you make . 3. Procedure and capacity design: Because Customer may be straight involved in procedure design and Capacity must fit demand ( service with 10 OM determinations Heizer A ; Render ) , HRC puts invitees at the bosom of operations and staffs ever try their best to fulfill invitees. Scheduling the big staff of barmans, cooks and servers, waiteresses is done based off of tracking gross revenues. The agenda can be modified for being suited with occupation character, seasonality and guestsconvenience for the intent of efficiency. Everyday, HRC serves about 100,000 repasts with appetisers, salad, sandwich, sides, Burger, entries and sweets. 4. Location choice: In service industry, location must be near clients. That is why HRC chooses the best locale at the centre of each metropolis to turn up. Location is a cardinal factor in service concern. It is the prerequisite status devising or breakage concern scheme. At HRC, location is considered one of the most indispensable OM determinations done by Oliver Munday HR s frailty President for cafe development. Before opening a new HRC, Mr. Oliver Munday travels a universe to pick up a state for HR s following coffeehouse, choose a metropolis, and happen the ideal site and so negotiates the trade. After that, he works with designers and contrivers and corsets with the undertaking through the gap and first twelvemonth s gross revenues. Normally, Mr. Oliver Munday looks at several factors with a planetary position when sing a location. Some of them are: political hazard, currency hazard, societal norms, trade name tantrum, societal costs, concern patterns. And, an extended research checklist is appl ied. They pay attending and do a tendency analysis of Demographics, Visitor Market, Transportation, Restaurants and Nightclubs ( a choice in cardinal mark market countries ) , Political Risk, Real Estate Market and Hard Rock Cafe Comparable Market Analysis. Depending on the consequence, HRC will finalize the concern theoretical account, joint-ventures, subordinates or franchise on the manner to put up a alone base. With 75 % invitees are tourers, most of HRC are located in cardinal countries holding congregated night life. The location determination is at least a 10-15 twelvemonth committedness. Besides, Break-Even Analysis is used to assist make up ones mind whether to construct the purchased land, or to reconstruct an bing installation. Currently, Munday is to a great extent looking into planetary enlargement in Europe, Latin America, and Asia. As estimated, there are 8 HRC that are coming into being in 2011, including Hanoi, Vietnam, assisting to increase the entire grosss to about 180. 5. Layout design: In service industry, layout is another of import component, lending to bettering merchandise A ; production. After turn uping, depending on world, HRC will make up ones mind the layout design. Sometimes, they purchase the land to the locale. Sometimes, they merely reconstruct on the base of rent land. HRC takes a great trade of clip for this work from exterior to interior. The lineation must be attractive while ornament is at the purpose of pulling the attending of invitees. The saloon, furniture, illuming system, sound and circulation are at the invitees comfort. Meanwhile, the working station every bit good as kitchen, nutrient country makes staff easy to run and function invitees at soonest. Furthermore, retail store together with memorabilia creates a deep feeling by a alone manner that can non be found anyplace else. All of them conveying the invitees a particular ambiance of life in RocknRoll universe. 6. Human resources and occupation design: Bing cognizant of the function of human resource which is critical in service, particularly in experience economic system, HRC is ever careful of enlisting every bit good as preparation. Applicants to HRC hold to run into the standards of visual aspect, positivity in attitude, high self-motivation and involvement in functioning and sharing experience. In add-on, they are required to be skilled at work and passionate approximately music every bit good. Bing a staff here, everybody passes Rock 101 a 2-day preparation class for basic service accomplishments and with a rock n roll spirit. Job-oriented synergistic Cadmiums covering kitchen, retail amp ; front-of-the-house service is the content of HRC s preparation programme. HRC tends to the scheme edifice a civilization leting for credence of significant diverseness and individualism , there is no favoritism at HRC. The publicity and employee policy are besides strongly focused and equal to all staffs. With value system to convey a merriment, healthy, nuturing environment into the HRC civilization , the staff is the component conveying the rock n roll psyche, doing atmosphere alive and bringing exceeding experience to the invitees. That is the ground why HRC is said to hold the competitory advantade through its human resources. Besides those determinations above, HRC besides pay attending to supply-chain, Inventory, programming and care direction. In order to hold nutrient served with freshness and high quality, HRC chooses the qualified providers and regularly work with them. At HRC, they set a agenda trusting on concern gross revenues, gross, events, seasonality, gross revenues forecast and concern tendency analysis to do certain they are ever at service. The most of import stock list direction is for memorabilia aggregations valueing over US $ 40 million with more than sixty 1000 pieces decorated at all HRC. No affair what the big figure of memorabilia, HRC efficaciously manage from a distance. They know good the name of every memorabilia, how many of them at each HRC and where to set. The care of memorabilia is done at Orlando every 5-7 old ages ; therefore, their valuable and largest RocknRoll aggregation is in good status all the clip. In add-on to OM determinations applied, HRC planetary scheme can be successful thanks to good prediction. Difficult Rock does nt restrict its usage of prediction tools to gross revenues. Depending on the application, Hard Rock makes long-range, intermediate-term or short-run gross revenues prognosiss conducted each month, by coffeehouse, and so aggregated for a central office position. The day-to-day prognosis is farther broken into hourly gross revenues. The point-of-sale system ( POS ) is at the Centre of the gross revenues calculating system. Computerized programming package is used and so they compare the existent gross revenues to calculate to cipher the discrepancies, find out the ground for bettering. A 3-year leaden moving norm is applied to cafe gross revenues, multiple arrested development is found in Hard Rock s bill of fare planningaˆÂ ¦Effective prediction helps HRC be at good service, lending to its successful Operations Management. In brief, selective application of 10 OM determinations with forecasting brings HRC with a competitory advantage, distinguishing HRC from other coffeehouse. This puts HRC steadfastly in the service industry, particularly in experience economic system which is so attractive but with a assortment of troubles and challenges every bit good. II. THE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENTS CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR HARD ROCK WHEN CONSIDERING AN EXPANSION OF ITS BUSINESS INTO HANOI Continuing with the success in enlargement, HRC foremost appeared in Vietnam in 2009 by franchise done by Viet Thai International. That is HRC located in Kumho Plaza, right at the bosom of Saigon, the biggest and crowded metropolis of Vietnam. After over one twelvemonth of operation in Saigon, Vietnam HRC measure by measure gained some success with staying musical esthesia demonstrated through RocknRoll and valuable memorabilia aggregation. At the minute, there are a assortment of bars, eating houses, coffeehouse and even hotels in this metropolis ; however, HRC is still considered high spot. Of class, the topics of HRC is non monolithic, but selective. Their invitees are fundamentally hi-end, rich, sophisticated and with high musical gustatory sensation or aliens, tourers. They come to HRC non for a drink or a repast merely but for a mixture of experience, manner, amusement factor, sharing consciousness and finally memories storage.. On the manner to development, one more HRC is bei ng estimated to come into being in Hanoi capital of Vietnam. It is no uncertainty that HRC will confront many challenges. Hanoi is the Vietnam 2nd largest in population ( 6.5 million people ) with instability between urban and rural, urban and suburban. Hanoians are non so -going, and open-minded as the southern people. They live traditionally and slightly rigorous, conservative in accepting anything new or unusual. This is the obstruction to HRC with experience manner which seems still new to Vietnam. Besides, there are a batch of hotels, saloon, eating houses, amusement centres, shpping mallsaˆÂ ¦ , even modern locales invested by aliens that are regarded as rivals of HRC in experience economic system. The bound of Hanoi is at the deficiency of aiport. Until now, Noi Bai is the lone one airdrome and really far from Hanoi s centre ( 40 kilometers ) , the roads are non bad but non good synchronised yet, doing some obstructions to transit. A assortment of eating houses, saloon, cabarets are bing and working in this metropolis, which are rivals sharing the market in experience industry. The competiti on is more and more intense. About the Real Estate Market, it shows a bad fluctuation with unreasonably high monetary value. Hanoi s land is grouped into highest market in the universe, conveying the trouble in investing. Besides, the aftereffect of planetary crisis taking the lessening in hi-end people, including tourers with high affordability. Harmonizing to official staticstic, in 2010, the figure of hi-end tourers coming to VN toss off around 15-20 % . Some foreign offices temporarily near or cut down staff. The local people tend to cut the bugdet for amusement. Therefore, a luxury environment like HRC will be much damaged in measure, to some extent. However, it is evident to entree many chance for HRC when make up ones minding to spread out into Hanoi. The first chance is the demographics. The population of Hanoi is large at 6.5 million, the figure of people with high affordability are younger and younger. They will be easy at having the new characteristics like an experience. A figure of Hanoians earnestly and like to take the signifier of a infinite so epicurean and alone can be a pick to show position, their degree. Hanoi is the capital, the fix figure of aliens ling and working here is great. Many eating houses, hotels, bars, convention centersaˆÂ ¦that are good qualified to function a figure of riders. Embassies, foreign companies, NGOsaˆÂ ¦are majorly located here. And the large figure of tourers and business communities come here. And, many events, MICE activities are foremost chosen to organised here. With 75 % of HRC is tourers as statistic, Hanoi is at this advantage. Besides, the economic indexs are non excessively bad, even during the economic downswing, assuring a benefit for HRC when populating criterion is enhanced and more invitees coming to this coffeehouse. The following chance is created by the distinction scheme. Although there are a large figure of hotels, eating houses, saloon, shopping promenades or entertainmnet centres, nil is outstanding and highlighted. HRC with the alone characteristics by concatenation tradition will really pull clients. In add-on, the transit in Hanoi is more and more improved. Hanoi is the hub of northern part, the nexus of metropoliss, states in North. Except from the deficiency of synchronism in roads and a bigger airdrome with bigger capacity, the transit system is comparatively good. Noi Bai an international aiport with a history of 33 old ages and a capacity of 10 million riders per twelvemonth with many air hoses ( VNA, China Airline, Singapore Airlines, JetstaraˆÂ ¦ ) and direct flights to abroad. Hanoi besides has celebrated river right at the center of metropolis and a railroad station that is non far from the centre. These are comfortss! Hanoi besides brings HRC another chance of safety. Vietnam is considered one of 10 safe finishs. Everyone can be certain about the political hazard in our state. A stable and incorporate political government together with a high security can decidedly convey the bright prospective of concern. Hanoi with high populating criterion, a great figure of local people are able to extremely afford, holding high demands in musical gustatory sensation and quality. Here is the cradle of stone with a big figure of fans. As a consequence, HRC with RocknRoll esthesia can to the full run into their demands and front-runner. Furthermore, HRC foremost came to Vietnam by Franchised done by Viet Thai International in 2009. Viet Thai International is a successful corporation in Highlands coffeehouse concatenation. It is apparent that HRC can go on experience in making operations in coffeehouse in peculiar and in experience industry in general. HRC has been holding strong trade name and repute. In brief, with a batch of chances analysed above, it is clear that HRC makes a determination of enlargement to Hanoi is sensible. And, it is no uncertainty that HRC will go on their success if they remain faithful to system s spirit The RocknRoll esthesia so that invitees come here non for merely a repast or a drink, but a mixture of experience, manner, amusement factor, sharing consciousness and finally memories storage. This is the feeling that can non be found anyplace except HRC concatenation, until now. = gt ; Choose cardinal territory ( Hoan Kiem ) at Vincom Plaza

What You Need to Know About a Virtual Internship

What You Need to Know About a Virtual Internship There was a time when the only way you could experience an internship was to be physically present at the employers location. Now that the Internet is available everywhere, virtual internships are becoming more popular. In a virtual internship, you can work remotely while still gaining that valuable experience. However, as with traditional internships, there are pros and cons to doing an internship primarily on your own. Read on to find out what you must know about such an arrangement. Competition for Positions May Be Stiffer In a traditional internship, the applicant pool generally consists of candidates who live within commuting distance of a business. When a company opens up an opportunity for a virtual internship, applicants may live almost anywhere. In that case, its likely that youll be competing against far more qualified people. You May Not Win a Full-Time Position Companies with lower budgets may use virtual interns to staff short-term or small projects. That might mean the company doesnt need you 40 hours a week. Of course, if your plate is full and you dont need to get in a certain number of hours, this could be a good thing for you. Youll Have to Cover Your Own Expenses One benefit of a traditional internship is that you go to a physical location and use the companys own resources, such as computers and printers. If youre doing an internship from school or home, youll most likely be footing the bill for those items yourself. Moreover, if your computer crashes, its your responsibility to get it fixed ASAP. Virtual Internships Only Work in Certain Industries A virtual intern can fill any job that a fulls of common fields include: Graphic design Social media management Editing Software and web development Research Accounting Obviously, any profession that involves working with people or equipment, such as healthcare, would not be open to virtual interns. Networking Wont Come Easy If youre not working at the companys physical location, you wont be making many new in-person contacts. Sure, youll be emailing or Skyping the people you work with directly, but you wont meet people from other departments in the hallway or the kitchen. If you crave social contact, you might find a virtual internship depressing. On the other hand, youll be able to connect online with people- possibly all over the country or the world- through intranets, LinkedIn, and other channels. You May Not Learn Much About the Company When you spend most of your internship in your own personal environment, you wont witness the operations of the company. Its possible that you wont get a good feel for what goes on daily at such a business. When its time to search for a full-time position, having to dress up, commute, and deal with co-workers may be a bit of an adjustment. You Need to Be a Self-Starter If you always relied on your roommate to wake you up for your class, or you tend to be a daydreamer, you may find it extremely difficult to stay on task with a virtual internship. People may check up on you via phone calls or emails, but most of the time, youll need to be able to complete the work yourself without a lot of supervision. Virtual Internships Offer Plenty of Benefits While there are negatives you must consider, virtual internships work very well for the right people. You can fit work in around another part-time job, family commitments, and other activities. You wont have to commute, so youll be safer, save money, and save the environment. More companies are hiring full-time employees with the understanding that the employees will work from home. As this trend continues, youll be well prepared to start a telecommuting career after completing a virtual internship. You wont be micromanaged. If youre an introvert or somebody who simply chafes at the idea of having a boss, less contact may be more comfortable for you.

Entregar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples

Entregar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples The Spanish verb entregar means to deliver, to turn in or hand in, or to hand over. Entregar can also be used as a reflexive verb, entregarse, which means to turn yourself in or surrender. Entregarse can also mean to devote yourself or dedicate yourself to something. Entregar Conjugation Entregar is a regular -ar verb and follows the same conjugation pattern as verbs like usar and tratar; however, a spelling change is required in some of the conjugations. In order to maintain the hard g sound, a u should be added when the g is followed by the vowel e. For example, the first person preterite conjugation of entregar should be entreguà ©, with a u to create the hard g sound. (The combination ge by itself produces the soft g sound, like the English h.) This article includes the conjugations of entregar in the most frequently used verb tenses: present, past, conditional, and future indicative, the present and past subjunctive, the imperative mood, and other verb forms. Entregar Present Indicative Yo entrego I deliver Yo entregola tarea a tiempo. Tà º entregas You deliver Tà º entregas la carta personalmente. Usted/à ©l/ella entrega You/he/she delivers Ella entregalos pedidos de los clientes. Nosotros entregamos We deliver Nosotros entregamoslas llaves del apartamento. Vosotros entregis Youdeliver Vosotros entregisel ladrà ³n a la policà ­a. Ustedes/ellos/ellas entregan You/they deliver Ellos entreganel poder despuà ©s de las elecciones. Entregar Preterite Indicative In the preterite tense there is a spelling change only for the first person singular conjugation. Yo entreguà © I delivered Yo entreguà © la tarea a tiempo. Tà º entregaste You delivered Tà º entregaste la carta personalmente. Usted/à ©l/ella entregà ³ You/he/she delivered Ella entregà ³ los pedidos de los clientes. Nosotros entregamos We delivered Nosotros entregamoslas llaves del apartamento. Vosotros entregasteis Youdelivered Vosotros entregasteis el ladrà ³n a la policà ­a. Ustedes/ellos/ellas entregaron You/they delivered Ellos entregaron el poder despuà ©s de las elecciones. Entregar Imperfect Indicative The imperfect tense can be translated to English as was delivering or used to deliver. Yo entregaba I used to deliver Yo entregaba la tarea a tiempo. Tà º entregabas You used to deliver Tà º entregabas la carta personalmente. Usted/à ©l/ella entregaba You/he/she used to deliver Ella entregaba los pedidos de los clientes. Nosotros entregbamos We used to deliver Nosotros entregbamoslas llaves del apartamento. Vosotros entregabais Youused to deliver Vosotros entregabais el ladrà ³n a la policà ­a. Ustedes/ellos/ellas entregaban You/they used to deliver Ellos entregaban el poder despuà ©s de las elecciones. Entregar Future Indicative Yo entregarà © I will deliver Yo entregarà © la tarea a tiempo. Tà º entregars You will deliver Tà º entregars la carta personalmente. Usted/à ©l/ella entregar You/he/she will deliver Ella entregarlos pedidos de los clientes. Nosotros entregaremos We will deliver Nosotros entregaremoslas llaves del apartamento. Vosotros entregarà ©is Youwill deliver Vosotros entregarà ©is el ladrà ³n a la policà ­a. Ustedes/ellos/ellas entregarn You/they will deliver Ellos entregarn el poder despuà ©s de las elecciones. Entregar Periphrastic  Future Indicative   To conjugate the periphrastic future, use the present indicative conjugation of the verb ir (to go), the preposition a, and the infinitive entregar. Yo voy a entregar I am going to deliver Yo voy a entregar la tarea a tiempo. Tà º vasa entregar You aregoing todeliver Tà º vasa entregar la carta personalmente. Usted/à ©l/ella vaa entregar You/he/she isgoing todeliver Ella vaa entregar los pedidos de los clientes. Nosotros vamosa entregar We aregoing todeliver Nosotros vamosa entregar las llaves del apartamento. Vosotros vaisa entregar Youaregoing todeliver Vosotros vaisa entregar el ladrà ³n a la policà ­a. Ustedes/ellos/ellas vana entregar You/they aregoing todeliver Ellos vana entregar el poder despuà ©s de las elecciones. Entregar Present Progressive/Gerund Form The gerund or present participle is a verb form that can be used as an adverb or to create progressive verb forms like the present progressive. Present Progressive ofEntregar est entregando Is delivering Ella est entregando los pedidos de los clientes. Entregar Past Participle The past participle is a verb form that can be used as an adjective or to form perfect tenses like the present perfect. Present Perfect of Entregar ha entregado Has delivered Ella ha entregado los pedidos de los clientes. Entregar Conditional Indicative The conditional tense is used to talk about possibilities. Yo entregarà ­a I would deliver Yo entregarà ­a la tarea a tiempo si la hubiera hecho. Tà º entregarà ­as You would deliver Tà º entregarà ­as la carta personalmente, pero no tienes tiempo. Usted/à ©l/ella entregarà ­a You/he/she would deliver Ella entregarà ­alos pedidos de los clientes, pero no tiene las direcciones. Nosotros entregarà ­amos We would deliver Nosotros entregarà ­amoslas llaves del apartamento si nos mudramos. Vosotros entregarà ­ais Youwould deliver Vosotros entregarà ­ais el ladrà ³n a la policà ­a si supierais dà ³nde se esconde. Ustedes/ellos/ellas entregarà ­an You/they would deliver Ellos entregarà ­an el poder despuà ©s de las elecciones, pero no se conocen los resultados. Entregar Present Subjunctive The spelling change - add a u for the hard g sound- occurs in all of the present subjunctive conjugations. Que yo entregue That I deliver La maestra quiere que yo entregue la tarea a tiempo. Que tà º entregues That you deliver La directora pide que tà º entregues la carta personalmente. Que usted/à ©l/ella entregue That you/he/she deliver El gerente espera que ella entregue los pedidos de los clientes. Que nosotros entreguemos That we deliver El propietario quiere que nosotros entreguemos las llaves del apartamento. Que vosotros entreguà ©is That you deliver La và ­ctima pide que vosotros entreguà ©isel ladrà ³n a la policà ­a. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas entreguen That you/they deliver El gobernador quiere que ellos entreguen el poder despuà ©s de las elecciones. Entregar Imperfect Subjunctive There are two different ways of conjugating the imperfect subjunctive: Option 1 Que yo entregara That I delivered La maestra querà ­a que yo entregara la tarea a tiempo. Que tà º entregaras That you delivered La directora pedà ­a que tà º entregaras la carta personalmente. Que usted/à ©l/ella entregara That you/he/she delivered El gerente esperaba que ella entregara los pedidos de los clientes. Que nosotros entregramos That we delivered El propietario querà ­a que nosotros entregramoslas llaves del apartamento. Que vosotros entregarais That you delivered La và ­ctima pedà ­a que vosotros entregaraisel ladrà ³n a la policà ­a. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas entregaran That you/they delivered El gobernador querà ­a que ellos entregaran el poder despuà ©s de las elecciones. Option 2 Que yo entregase That I delivered La maestra querà ­a que yo entregase la tarea a tiempo. Que tà º entregases That you delivered La directora pedà ­a que tà º entregases la carta personalmente. Que usted/à ©l/ella entregase That you/he/she delivered El gerente esperaba que ella entregase los pedidos de los clientes. Que nosotros entregsemos That we delivered El propietario querà ­a que nosotros entregsemoslas llaves del apartamento. Que vosotros entregarais That you delivered La và ­ctima pedà ­a que vosotros entregaseisel ladrà ³n a la policà ­a. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas entregasen That you/they delivered El gobernador querà ­a que ellos entregasen el poder despuà ©s de las elecciones. Entregar Imperative The imperative mood is used to give commands. Notice that some of the imperative conjugations require a spelling change for the hard g sound. Positive Commands Tà º entrega Deliver!  ¡Entrega la carta personalmente! Usted entregue Deliver!  ¡Entregue los pedidos de los clientes! Nosotros entreguemos Let's deliver!  ¡Entreguemos las llaves del apartamento! Vosotros entregad Deliver!  ¡Entregad el ladrà ³n a la policà ­a! Ustedes entreguen Deliver!  ¡Entreguen el poder despuà ©s de las elecciones! Negative Commands Tà º no entregues Don't deliver!  ¡No entregues la carta personalmente! Usted no entregue Don't deliver!  ¡No entregue los pedidos de los clientes! Nosotros no entreguemos Let's not deliver!  ¡No entreguemos las llaves del apartamento! Vosotros no entreguà ©is Don't deliver!  ¡No entreguà ©is el ladrà ³n a la policà ­a! Ustedes no entreguen Don't deliver!  ¡No entreguen el poder despuà ©s de las elecciones!

Article Review on Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Article Review on Advertising - Essay Example The article exemplified the continuing struggle for democracy among many developing countries. Aung San Suu Kyi fought for democracy and was imprisoned for her beliefs. After years of imprisonment, she was later released. The reaction of the people to her release shows the country’s desire to obtain the very principles that she has been fighting for all her life. Attempts to silence her and to prevent her from talking about democracy with the people have largely been ignored and once again, these actions show her relentless drive towards democracy and the exercise of its privileges. The above article discusses how Netanyahu was pressured on both sides – the US and the Israeli Cabinet on the acceptance (or refusal) of the incentives package offered by the US. The incentives package was one of the means being proposed by the US in order to achieve a semblance of peace in the West Bank. This article expresses that in order to achieve progress in society, certain compromises and concessions need to be made by parties involved. In the above article, the â€Å"don’t ask† policy is being discussed based on the ruling of the High Court which refused to block discharges from the military service based on a person’s sexual orientation, i.e. being gay. This ruling is considered one of the most debated policies in the US. On one side of the argument, people claim that the act is unconstitutional, and on the other side, others uphold that is it constitutional. The very essence of this issue is about a person’s right to not reveal his sexual orientation. One’s sexual orientation does not have anything to do with one’s ability to serve one’s country, and for as long as being gay does not interfere with a person’s ability to protect the country, it should not be made an issue. The article exemplifies how the current strategies on international laws and extradition help ensure that criminal offenders are

Minimum wage issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Minimum wage issue - Essay Example Employees who start working on jobs that offer minimum wage sometimes use it at a platform to attain other professions. Additionally, minimum wage not only helps young people, but also senior citizens who use it to support their families. I am addressing this letter to you to urge you as the senator of New York to introduce a motion in Congress calling for a raise in the minimum wage across all states. The United States requires policies that safeguard hardworking Americans who are dedicated in earning a living.1 Therefore, I believe raising the minimum wage above $10 per hour would be an important policy change towards restoring hope in citizens who rely on this income. Given this brief account, I believe that raising the minimum wage is a bold step that the Congress may take for purposes of achieving economic development. Raising minimum wage is a bold step towards economic recovery in the country. I call for the federal government to increase its spending on regular people as a means of increasing economic output in terms of revenue. Normally, regular people exhibit fluidity in their spending; hence, more money remains in circulation. On the contrary, wealthy people tend to hoard their wealth; hence, preventing it from circulating back into the economy. The minimum wage issue presents a transformation to the economy, which has been hijacked by the elite in recent years; thus, making it less productive in terms of government revenue collected through taxes. I would urge the government to increase the minimum wage of American workers to boost their purchasing power, as this will facilitate economic recovery.2 Therefore, a change in policy in increasing the minimum wage prevents counterproductive economics, which boosts the economy. 3 Second, raising the minimum wage can alleviate poverty. It is evident that these days the focus of the US economy is on Wall Street, which accounts for less than 1% of the population. In recent years, the number of people

A Strategy To Align Organization And Environment Essay Example for Free

A Strategy To Align Organization And Environment Essay This paper analyzes the term ‘strategic fit’ exactly means, types of strategic fit, necessities to focus on strategic fit, and most importantly how well an organization can align its resources capabilities with the opportunities that exist in the external environment so as to achieve peak performance in the business. Strategy of Nestle as an example to discuss how far it is true that effective strategic fit ensures organization’s resources capabilities and what the environment exactly needs from it. Key Words Strategic, Fit, Strategy, Resource, Capabilities, Opportunities, Environment, Business Introduction It should be recognized that any strategy or management style is appropriate only in a particular set of circumstances. Strategic fit enables an organization to operate in its particular competitive situation at peak effectiveness. It expresses the degree to which an organization is matching its resources and capabilities with the opportunities in the external environment. The matching takes place through strategy and it is therefore vital that the company have the actual resources and capabilities to execute and support the strategy. Meaning of Strategic Fit The contingency theorist’s argument that performance outcomes are maximized when a firm achieves an alignment or â€Å"fit† between a firm’s external environment, its internal factors and its strategy has been well established in the literature (Burns Stalker 1967; Lawrence Lorsch 1967; Keats Hitt, 1988). Nadler and Tushman (1979) theorized that the greater the total degree of congruence or fit between the various components, the more effective will be the organization, leading to higher levels of goal attainment, utilization of resources, and adaptation. Need for Strategic Fit Strategic fit is a quest to align the organization’s operation with the needs of the market. It also involves identification of the opportunities and the action to capitalize on the opportunities. Strategic fit can be used actively to evaluate the current strategic situation of a company as well as opportunities such as MA and divestitures of organizational divisions. Strategic fit is related to the Resource-based view of the firm which suggests that the key to profitability is not only through positioning and industry selection but rather through an internal focus which seeks to utilize the unique characteristics of the company’s portfolio of resources and capabilities. Resources s Capabilities A unique combination of resources and capabilities can eventually be developed into a competitive advantage which the company can profit from. However, it is important to differentiate between resources and capabilities. Resources relate to the inputs to production owned by the company, whereas capabilities describe the accumulation of learning the company possesses. Types of Resources Resources can be classified as tangible resources and intangible resources. Tangible Resources The term tangible means capable of being touched, real or actual, rather than imaginary or visionary, definite; not vague or elusive, having actual physical existence, as real estate or chattels, and therefore capable of being assigned a value in monetary terms. Financial (Cash, securities) †¢ Physical (Location, plant, machinery) are some of the tangible resources Intangible Resources Resources that are not physical in nature are said to be Intangible resources. Corporate intellectual property (items such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, business methodologies), goodwill and brand recognition are all common intangible resources in business point of view. An intangible resource can be classified as either indefinite o r definite depending on the specifics of that resource. A company brand name is considered to be an indefinite resource, as it stays with the company as long as the company continues operations. However, if a company enters a legal agreement to operate under another companys patent, with no plans of extending the agreement, it would have a limited life and would be classified as a definite resource. †¢ Technology (Patents, copyrights) †¢ Human resources †¢ Reputation (Brands) †¢ Culture, are some of the intangible resources. Capabilities Capabilities are what a firm does, and represents the firm’s capacity to deploy resources that have been purposely integrated to achieve the desired end state. Capabilities become important when they are combined in unique combinations which create core competencies which have strategic value and can lead to competitive advantage. Capabilities needed for strategic fit are 1. Coordination 2. Commitment 3. Competence (technology, management and leadership) 4. Communication 5. Creativity 6. Capacity management (allocation of resources) Benefits of Strategic Fit The extent to which the activities of a single organization or of organizations working in partnership complement each other in such a way as to contribute to competitive advantage. The benefits of good strategic fit include cost reduction, due to economies of scale, and the transfer of knowledge and skills (technological expertise, managerial know how), use of common brand name. The success of a merger, joint venture, or strategic alliance may be affected by the degree of strategic fit between the organizations involved. Similarly, the strategic fit of one organization with another is often a factor in decisions about acquisitions, mergers, diversification, or divestment. Types of Strategic Fit 1. Market related fit 2. Operating fit 3. Management fit Market Related Fit Market related fit arises when value chains of different businesses overlap so that the products can be used by same customers, marketed and promoted in similar ways, distributed through common dealers and retailers.

The Meaning of Life and Death Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Human

The Meaning of Life and Death The abstract idea of life cannot be explained by such simple ideas as being animated, breathing, or speaking. Ordinary machines in this century can perform all of these basic functions. The quandary with defining death is not as abstract and elusive as that of life. The problem of defining life and death has plagued philosophers and the religious bodies for thousands of years for one reason; each philosophy or religion has tried to define the meaning of life and death from only their certain perspective. The seemingly appropriate approach to this problem would be to understand the ideas presented in various philosophies and religions and through this knowledge create a new definition for each idea of life and death. The movie Blade Runner has taken this exact approach in its attempt to finally define life and death in a logical and un-spiritual manner. By taking the position that death is a concrete idea that can be explained, Blade Runner accomplishes the task of interpreting the i dea of life in terms death. Through this approach, the meaning of life is redefined to accommodate for the existence of the replicants. Also, as a result of this novel notion of life, it is apparent that humans and replicants never actually live, even though they are alive. The idea of death in Blade Runner seems to be different for humans and for replicants, but it is indeed the same. When a replicant is killed, the characters in Blade Runner refer to it as, â€Å"retirement,† while killing a human is called murder. These two terms are actually synonymous. The term murder, in one of its definitions, means to put to an end, destroy (AHD). The definition of retirement is to stop working (AHD). If these terms ar... ...s Cut. Dir. Ridley Scott. Perf. Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, and Sean Young. DVD. 1982. Carse, James. Death and Existence: A Conceptual History of Human Morality. Ed. Irving I Zaretsky. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1980. Descartes, Renà ©. Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy. Trans. Donald A. Cress. Cambridge: Hacket Publishing Company, 1993. Elrod, John. Being and Existence in Kierkegaard’s Pseudonymous Works. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1975. Luper, Steven. "Death." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. Edward N. Zalta. 2002. <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2002/entries/death/>. O'Keefe, Tim. â€Å"Epicurus.† The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2001. <http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/epicur.htm>. Vincent Cook. Principle Doctrines: Epicurus. <http://www.epicurus.net/principal.html>.

The Folly of Rewarding a While Hoping for B

The Folly Of rewarding A, While Hoping for B Case Study Overview: In this case analysis we shall be examining the unintended contradictory results that reward systems bring about and recommendations in solving the issues highlighted Problem Statement: Many Problems in Organizations are created because of Faulty Incentives and Flawed reward systems that are setup to accomplish one thing but actually does the opposite. â€Å"While Mangers complain about lack of motivation in their workers, they might as well consider the possibility that the reward systems they’ve installed are paying off for the opposite†.Directly linked to these Faulty Incentive and Flawed Systems are key issues with 1) Employee Motivation, 2) Reward Systems, 3) Expectation/Misaligned Perception and 4) Biasness in Decision making that are deeply rooted as a causative agent in the Flawed system Hypothesis 1)Misaligned Perception/Expectation: Process Perspective: A look at Equity theory and Expectancy The ory in understanding the expected outcome perceived by employee as related to behavioral attitude towards rewards systems )Employee Motivation which is dependent on the effectiveness of its reward system: As pointed out by MASLOW HIERACHY OF NEEDS and HERZBERG’S TWO-FACTOR theory of Motivation highlight the effect of rewards both tangible and intangible on behavior 3) Weak or Poor decision Making: As shown by biasness of the community in electing Public service official, even in the face of the right option for endorsement/election 4) Poor performance and attitudes In Most Companies is caused by its reward systems, not the workforce.Analysis: As Pointed out by Expectancy theory that People make choices about behavior based on their expectation of what is likely to happen in terms of effort leading to performance and performance leading to desired reward. On the other hand Equity Theory Points out that those Perceptions about reward systems matter. From Equity Theory, if the R atio of someone’s outcome/input is equal to someone else’s ratio, equity exists.But if not, inequity exists and the theory suggests that People are motivated to reduce their Contribution in some way According to Equity theory, outcomes from a Job include pay, recognition, promotions, social relationships and intrinsic rewards. To get these rewards, the individual makes inputs to the job such as time, effort, experience e. t. c and compares it to someone else’s ratio of contribution. Thus the Individual behavior is affected by his or her Perception than the actual reality.In Sports, An underpaid Basketballer will be discouraged in developing teamwork skill. in order to make up for any inadequacies, Expecting that Scoring will Increase his or her earnings at the detriment of the team success. Similarly, if this player perceives that future rewards might be compromised; such player will reduce his or her commitment in response to his feeling of inequity towards the Team success. Thus it is discovered that people take into account Equity and expectation about future rewards in their choice of behavior.Taking a look further points out that Many rewards systems discourage desired behaviors’ while rewarding the very action that causes problems. Managers obviously design reward systems to motivate people to behave in certain ways, yet reward systems do not always produce the expected results. For example: In World War II troops were committed for the duration unless killed or invalided. They had a strong motivation to hasten the end of the war. Allied troops in the Vietnam War had a tour of a year or less. Their self interest was not tied to the end of the war.While their governments wanted them to focus on winning the war, their rewards were linked to looking after themselves. Not to their opponents. They were there for the duration. Evidence of a Reward System which encourages Contrary behavior can also be traced to the Health Industry . Looking at a health System where Patients bear little or no cost, we shouldn’t be surprised when doctors over test and over treat illness, and nothing is done to curtail this action, because the Patients have no incentive to resist the doctors’ actions.For doctors there may be some direct financial gain from over servicing. More important though is the possible costs and professional damage from malpractice suits. Over servicing diminishes the chance of facing such suits, or losing them if they occur. 3) Evidence of how a poor decision making Process has stereotyped and created a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation is seen in Politics. This is a state of being BIAS Most of us want honest politicians who tell us clearly what they will do in office, then stick to that once elected.The actual reality is that politicians don’t behave that way, yet they get elected by our vote and we sustain this reward system. Also, we expect ou r public service to do the best it can with the community resources available to it. Yet there is usually great mismanagement in the public sector, Yet nobody act to resolve this issue or call the minister to order because it will harm the government’s standing and may cost it votes. This portrays a consequence of a community supported reward system unavoidably biased against good public sector management. )Financial incentives are designed to provide direct motivation – do this and you will get that while at the same time can spell doom. For Example giving a Psychiatrist a higher payment for condemning someone to be incapacitated at the expense of an individual being competent, the psychiatrist can be motivated by the higher pay. This Financial reward can therefore serve as a tangible form of motivation 4) Since some people expect that a certain level of effort will lead to certain levels and types of performance.In turn, people develop expectations that a given level and type of performance will be rewarded or punished Recommendations: Since Organization design are changing in response to a changing world, it is thus imperative to look at an alternative way of reward system, one that benefits all and eliminate the problem introduced by the traditional, conventional approach to reward system. While I Write that there is no one cap fits all solution, also interesting is how the recommendations from each case study analysis somehow tend to be applicable to other case study analysis treated earlier in the classAn effectively planned and administered reward system can improve motivation and performance. 1) Starting from the Issues Introduced by the Expectancy perspective and equity Perspective. An Effective manager can help his or her Organization to understand both equity issues and expectancies. This might involve framing the situation for someone, so that his or her perceptions more closely mirror the Managers perception of reality. Managers cons tantly need to clarify performance and be able to measure the attractiveness of rewards to employees. ) Effective Reward Systems should focus on positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is the most effective tool for encouraging desired behavior because it stimulates people to take actions because they want to because they get something of value (internally or externally) for doing it. An effectively designed and managed reward program can drive an organization's change process by positively reinforcing desired behaviors. The question to ask at this point is how to build an Effective reward system.By taking the five steps listed below, an effective reward system could be achieved Timely. The recognition/rewards should be provided frequently enough to make performers feel valued for their efforts. Achievable. The employee's or group's goals should be within the reach of the performers Meaningful. The achievements rewarded should provide an important return on investment to both the performer and the organization. Specific. A line of sight should be maintained between rewards and actions.Reliable. The program should operate according to its principles and purpose. 3) Performance Management. Organizations should concentrate on the process of managing performance and get away from thinking of the annual performance appraisal process as performance management. The process of performance management reflects how the work gets done and creates the environment in which people feel valued for their achievements. The performance management process includes four critical components:I) A Focus on what is important to change or be improved. II) A Measures to determine whether and how much progress is being achieved. III) Feedback so that performers will know whether and how much progress is being achieved. IV) Reinforcement so that everyone celebrates achievements as they are being unfolded. 4) Clear Communication. Managers should clarify what they mean by performance so that there won’t be misalignment and such that employees would understand how they can support what the manager is trying to accomplish. CONCLUSION:Since reward system cannot be eliminated from the organization system and people tend to do what they perceive will be rewarded, the solution presented here require a shift in every facet of reward system practice. Also worthy to note is that since reward system will keep evolving, some systems being implemented such as broad banding i. e increment in the pay steps within a specific Job title without a promotion and cafeteria-Style Benefits i. e. Ability to allow employees to select from a menu of benefits. Will need to be designed in such ways that makes them Nimble and Flexible.

Investigate if small villages can become suburbanised over time, and what factors will affect this

Aim: In this piece of coursework, my aim is to investigate if small villages can become suburbanised over time, and what factors will affect this. For this investigation, we have chosen to look at Pirbright, a small village just outside of surrey. Hypothesis: Is Pirbright a Suburbanised Village? To prove the hypothesis I will need to find out: * Where is Pirbright located? * What is it like? * How has it changed over the years? * What are the reasons? * What are the consequences of these changes for the long-term residents, the businesses and the new comers? Methods Of Research: In order to find answers to these questions and to prove the hypothesis I used various methods of research these will be: Questionnaire – We made up our own questionnaires in groups of four. The reason we thought this would be a good idea was so that we could get opinions from people who have been living in Pirbright and learn more about these people. We surveyed 10 different people and we tried to ask various types of people such as pensioners, young students and adults. In order to do this we asked at different times of the day. Walk To Investigate Services And Shops – We walked around Pirbright to investigate the different types of services they had to offer. Walk To Investigate Land Use And Location – We also walked to and around Pirbright to investigate the uses of land and the layout of the village. Environmental Quality Survey – This was a survey that had already been prepared for us. This helped us to decide whether or not the village was an attractive place to live. We completed the survey in different parts of the village. Research – I will find out any other information from resources such as the Internet. What is a Suburbanised Village? A Suburbanised village is a village that people from nearby towns and cities have moved into, gradually changing the character of the village and making it more urbanised. A suburbanised village change its functions from being a rural agricultural village to being a suburb of a town. Suburbanised villages can sometimes also be called commuter settlements or dormitory towns, this is because the village is used by residents who live and stay there to travel to work in nearby towns or cities. Since the 1980's people have been moving out of major cities such as London, -Reading and Guildford to get away from things such as crime, pollution and traffic congestion in cities. This is called counter urbanisation. The characteristics of a suburbanised village are; * Housing becomes more expensive leaving local people not being able to afford them. We would expect to find new houses built for newcomers, as well as old farmhouses that have been modernised for rich city commuters. * The need for more houses and extra services is required to cater to the needs of the newer residents * There are more newcomers than original residents; this can cause social problems within the village. * Cars, noise and litter cause more pollution than before. * The village is expanded to house more residents. * More cars cause congestion. * The village is forced to change to become more modern; this can also result in it becoming damaged. * People move to rural villages that are commuting distance from their place of work, so a suburbanised village must have access to railway and motorway links. * Newcomers will shop in cities and out of town shopping centres, so we would not expect to find medium or high order shops. People move into villages for many different reasons, these are; * People find towns and cities to be polluted, unattractive and very congested. * Wealthy commuters can afford to buy bigger and more attractive houses in villages and since transport links have improved these people can still easily commute to work in the city. * Retired people prefer to enjoy they leisure time in a peaceful and quieter environment. * People find it to be safer in villages. * There are newer houses being built, these sell for cheaper than they do in cities and towns. How can location affect the sub urbanisation of a village? The location of a village can be affected by its location. If a village were located near a large city, it would be easier to make use of the services provided in the city. This would be useful because there will be more services in the city such as hospitals, large shopping centres or a wider ranger of schools. If a village were located far away from a city it would be harder for the village residents because they would have to do with the only services provided in the village as it would be hard to get to the city. This would be inconvenient because usually there are not many services in a village. If a village were located near good roads that lead into the city it would be easier for people to get to the city, there probably would be a bus or some sort of public transport that would lead into the city. If a village is isolated with poor transport links it would make access in and out of the village difficult. This not only means that if would be for village residents to get to a city but also that visitors would find the village hard to get to. If a village is located on hilly land it would be difficult to build new buildings whereas if the village was built on flat land it would be easier to improve the village with new buildings and services. Where is Pirbright? The village that we are studying is called ‘Pirbright' it is located in Surrey, southeast England (see map below). Pirbright is located near Guildford, Bracknell, Woking, Farnborough and Camberley. The roads that connect these towns to Pirbright are A322, A3214, A320 and A323. These roads are good for commuters because they can travel to and from work in different towns quite easily. If they do not have cars then there are good rail links into other close by towns. There is no train station in Pirbright however the closest one is in Basingstoke. It takes approximately one hour to travel from Pirbright into central London. From the map below I can see that Pirbright very close to London and also to other cities, where good jobs are available. The land that Pirbright is built on is mainly countryside and there are many woodlands and open fields in and around the area. The land is mainly greenery and some areas are quite steep. The land is fertile, which makes it good for farming. There are also good communications in Pirbright. Map 1: Southeast England What is Pirbright like? Pirbright is a very attractive, yet small village. The population is approximately 3644 people, this has changed drastically over the past hundred years when there was only a few hundred people living in Pirbright. It has a large green in the centre of the village (see picture 1). The grass is always short and well kept. There are no signs of vandalism or litter. Around the green there are a few phone boxes and three bus stops, one going towards Woking and the other two going towards Guildford. The bus stops are connections to Guilford, Woking and other surrounding towns. There are a few shops around the green as well; these include a newsagent, a butcher, an antique shop and two pubs; The White Hart and The Royal Oak. There is a large pond and a children's playground on the green as well. Pirbright formally contained a post office, which was then forced to shut down because of robbery. This shows that the crime rate in Pirbright has increased. A mobile library visits Pirbright once a week. Picture 1: views of the green The church in Pirbright is called St Michael's church (see picture 2) and is around the green. There is only one school in Pirbright, Pirbright County Primary. It is only a primary school for five to eleven year olds. This means that when children are ready for high school they will have to travel to a nearby city or town. Most children travel to Guildford and Woking, as these are the closest and easiest to town to get to. Picture 2: St Michael's church Many attractive houses surround the green (see picture 3). These houses are mainly built before the 1940s. The houses are bigger in comparison to the sizes of housing in London, and are also much cheaper. An average three-bedroom house would cost approximately à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½385,000. The houses have extra garden space, bigger drive ways and more space to build extensions because the houses are spread out from each other. Picture 3: Houses around the green Below is a land-use map, to show the services available in Pirbright, and the ages of the houses. People in Pirbright We visited Pirbright on a typical mid-week afternoon to find out about the types of people that live there, we found out this information by asking people to fill out a questionnaire that we had designed. These are the results we came back with. I also did some extra research to find out facts and figures of Pirbright. People's opinions on Pirbright WHAT LEISURE ACTIVITIES ARE THERE IN THE AREA Tennis Karate Golf Cricket Bowles Dance WHAT DO YOU LIKE ABOUT PIRBRIGHT? Quiet Friendly People Plenty For Children To Do Peaceful Area Countryside Good Community WHAT DO YOU DISLIKE ABOUT PIRBRIGHT? Does Not Have a Post Office Is Not Sociable Services and Shops WHAT SERVICES ARE USED IN THE AREA WHO DO THEY CATER FOR? Newsagent Everyone in the village, most people use the newsagent everyday. Pubs Used mainly by adults, as a place to relax. Antique Shop Used by the wealthy residents, once only a few times a year. Butcher Used to provide food for all residents, used once a week. Mobile Library Used by anyone that wants it. Public Transport Used mainly by the retirees and students travelling to high school. Public Park Used by everyone in the village. Village Hall Used for meetings and clubs etc. dance clubs. Comparing Pirbright in 1871 to Pirbright today From the two maps I can see that Pirbright has drastically changed over the past 30 years. There was much more open space in 1871 but now a lot of that land has been used to build things such as houses and other services. The area that Pirbright occupies has expanded; more houses are being built so the village has had to expand to cater for the extra people. The land use has changed from mainly being farmland to having lots of houses and other buildings built on it. From the map of 1871 I can see that there were only a few houses whereas most of Pirbright is covered by houses now. More services have been added in Pirbright for example there used to be only one pub in 1871 but another one has been built now. Overall Pirbright has grown over the years and the open land has been used to build houses on. Conclusion After analysing the statistics and information about Pirbright I have come to a conclusion that all the evidence shows that Pirbright has become a suburbanised village. In 1915, we would have expected people to have jobs such as farmers, woodcutters, small village owners, ground keepers for private estates, housemaids and stable workers. The sort of people that would want to live there now are upper-class people as they do not usually have to work, retired people as they do not have to work either and people whom do not want to live in London, but still be based near London. The facts that point to the conclusion that Pirbright has become suburbanised are: * The population has greatly increased over time and is continuing to do so. Shown by the census figures. * The village has become larger. Many of the old houses are in the centre of the village and the newer ones have been built on the outskirts. This proves that new houses are being built for commuters and other residents wishing to move to Pirbright. This is shown in the land use map. * Most residents are middle ages and are high-skilled professionals – this proves that they are commuters as Pirbright does not offer and high-skilled professions. This is shown in the data that I collected on the field trip. * The home of most residents are detached or semi-detached. This proves that they are expensive and can only be afforded by wealthy commuters. * Most village residents own their own homes or are currently buying. This shows that the average Pirbright resident can afford houses; this is because mainly commuters live in Pirbright. * More then half of the residents own their own car. This also proves that a lot of commuters live in Pirbright, as they need a car to travel to work. * Most residents take their car to work, not public transport. * Most of the residents have lived in the village for 30 to 40 years. * The village is gradually becoming more modernised. The newcomers are transforming the village. * There are no high order shops, meaning residents have to visit a town or city for shopping centres. * Houses are becoming more expensive. The value is increasing as more people want to live in Pirbright and wealthy people can afford them. All these facts that I have stated link back to my theory on suburbanised villages, Pirbright has successfully gained nearly all the characteristics of a suburbanised village. Pirbright has gone from being a unknown small hamlet, to becoming a modern and attractive growing villages used mainly by commuters and retired people. I have found the main reason people move from large towns and cities into Pirbright is because it is a quiet and peaceful area. The long term residence will live closer to the village centre and the newer residence will be living on the edge as this will be where the new houses will be built. Evaluation I feel that this piece of coursework has greatly widened my knowledge of suburbanised villages. I did not thoroughly understand it at the beginning however after undertaking the research about the changes in Pirbright I have come to understand how and why small villages change their function to become urbanised. I feel I have done well in this coursework as I did a lot of research and used many new ICT skills that I have leant. I could improve the coursework by getting a broader range on data, I visited Pirbright on a working day therefore I did not get enough information about residents who may have been at work that day. To improve this now I would visit Pirbright on a weekend and carry out my research then. However overall I believe I have created a good report on how and why Pirbright has become suburbanised.

Biography of Margaret of Valois, France’s Slandered Queen

Biography of Margaret of Valois, France’s Slandered Queen Born Princess Marguerite of France, Margaret of Valois (May 14, 1553 – March 27, 1615) was a princess of the French Valois dynasty and a queen of Navarre and France. An educated woman of letters and patron of the arts, she nonetheless lived in a time of political upheaval and had her legacy tainted by rumors and false tales that portrayed her as a cruel hedonist. Fast Facts: Margaret of Valois Full Name:  Margaret (French: Marguerite) of ValoisOccupation: Queen of Navarre and Queen of FranceBorn: May 14, 1553 at Chà ¢teau de Saint-Germain-en-Laye,  FranceDied: March 27, 1615 in Paris FranceKnown For: Born a princess of France; married Henry of Navarre, who eventually became the first Bourbon king of France. Although she was notable for her cultural and intellectual patronage, rumors about her romantic entanglements led to a false legacy depicting her as a selfish and hedonistic woman.Spouse: King Henry IV of France (m. 1572 - 1599) French Princess Margaret of Valois was the third daughter and seventh child of King Henry II of France and his Italian queen, Catherine de’ Medici. She was born at the royal Chà ¢teau de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, where she spent her childhood alongside her sisters, the princesses Elisabeth and Claude. Her closest familial relationship was with her brother Henry (later King Henry III), who was only two years her senior. Their friendship as children, however, did not last into adulthood, for several reasons. The princess was well educated, studying literature, classics, history, and several ancient and contemporary languages. At the time, European politics existed in a constant, fragile state of shifting power and alliances, and Margaret’s mother, a savvy political figure in her own right, made sure that Margaret learned as much as possible about the complexities (and dangers) of domestic and international politics. Margaret saw her brother Francis ascend the throne at a young age, then die soon after, leaving her next brother to become Charles IX and her mother Catherine to be the most powerful person behind the throne. As a teenager, Margaret fell in love with Henry of Guise, a duke from a prominent family. However, their plans to marry went against the plans of the royal family, and when they were found out (in all likelihood, by Margaret’s brother Henry), the duke of Guise was banished and Margaret severely punished. Although the romance was quickly ended, it would be brought up again in the future with slanderous pamphlets that suggested Margaret and the duke had been lovers, insinuating a long-standing pattern of licentious behavior on her part. Political Unrest in France Catherine de’ Medici’s preference was for a marriage between Margaret and Henry of Navarre, a Huguenot prince. His house, the Bourbons, was another branch of the French royal family, and the hope was that the marriage of Margaret and Henry would rebuild family ties as well as brokering a peace between French Catholics and Huguenots. In April 1572, the 19-year-olds became engaged, and they seemed to like one another at first. Henry’s influential mother, Jeanne d’Albret, died in June, making Henry the new king of Navarre. The mixed-faith marriage, held at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, was intensely controversial, and it was soon followed by violence and tragedy. Six days after the wedding, while a large number of prominent Huguenots were still in Paris, the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre occurred. History would blame Margaret’s mother, Catherine de’ Medici, for organizing the targeted murders of prominent Protestants; for her part, Margaret wrote in her memoirs about how she personally hid a handful of Protestants in her personal apartments. By 1573, Charles IX’s mental state had deteriorated to the point where a successor was necessary. By birthright, his brother Henry was the heir presumptive, but a group called the Malcontents feared that the intensely anti-Protestant Henry would escalate religious violence even further. They planned to put his younger brother, the more moderate Francis of Alenà §on, on the throne instead. Henry of Navarre was among the conspirators, and although Margaret, at first, disapproved of the plot, she eventually joined in as a bridge between moderate Catholics and the Huguenots. The plot failed, and although her husband was not executed, the relationship between King Henry III and his sister Margaret was forever embittered. Queen and Diplomat Margaret’s marriage, at this point, was fast deteriorating. They were unable to conceive an heir, and Henry of Navarre took several mistresses, most notably Charlotte de Sauve, who sabotaged Margaret’s attempt to reform the alliance between Francis of Alenà §on and Henry. Henry and Francis both escaped imprisonment in 1575 and 1576, but Margaret was imprisoned as a suspected conspirator. Francis, backed by the Huguenots, refused to negotiate until his sister was set free, and so she was. She, along with her mother, helped negotiate a crucial treaty: the Edict of Beaulieu, which gave Protestants more civil rights and permitted the practice of their faith except in certain places. In 1577, Margaret went on a diplomatic mission to Flanders in hopes of securing a deal with the Flemings: help from Francis to overthrow Spanish rule in exchange for putting Francis on their new throne. Margaret worked to create a network of contacts and allies, but ultimately, Francis could not defeat the mighty Spanish army. Francis soon fell under Henry III’s suspicion again and was re-arrested; he escaped again, in 1578, with Margaret’s help. The same series of arrests captured Margaret’s apparent lover, Bussy d’Amboise. Eventually, Margaret rejoined her husband, and they settled their court at Nà ©rac. Under Margaret’s guidance, the court became exceptionally learned and cultured, but it also was the site of many romantic misadventures among the royals and courtiers. Margaret fell in love with her brother Francis’s grand equerry, Jacques de Harley, while Henry took a teenaged mistress, Francoise de Montmorency-Fosseux, who became pregnant and gave birth to Henry’s stillborn daughter. In 1582, Margaret returned to the French court for unknown reasons. Her relationships with both her husband and her brother King Henry III were in shambles, and it was around this time that the first rumors about her supposed immorality began to circulate, presumably courtesy of her brother’s loyalists. Tired of being pulled between the two courts, Margaret abandoned her husband in 1585. Rebel Queen and Her Return Margaret rallied the Catholic League and turned against her family and husband’s policies. She briefly was able to seize the city of Agen, but the citizens eventually turned on her, forcing her to flee with her brother’s troops in hot pursuit. She was imprisoned in 1586 and forced to watch her favorite lieutenant executed, but in 1587, her gaoler, the Marquis de Canillac, switched allegiances to the Catholic League (most likely by bribery) and set her free. Although she was free, Margaret chose not to leave the castle of Usson; instead, she dedicated the next 18 years to re-creating a court of artists and intellectuals. While there, she wrote her own Memoirs, an unprecedented act for a royal woman of the time. After her brother’s 1589 assassination, her husband ascended to the throne as Henry IV. In 1593, Henry IV asked Margaret for an annulment, and ultimately, it was granted, especially with the knowledge that Margaret could not have children. After this, Margaret and Henry had a friendly relationship, and she befriended his second wife, Marie de’ Medici. Margaret returned to Paris in 1605 and established herself as a generous patron and benefactress. Her banquets and salons frequently hosted the great minds of the time, and her household became central to cultural, intellectual, and philosophical life. At one point, she even wrote in an intellectual discourse, criticizing a misogynistic text and defending women. Death and Legacy In 1615, Margaret fell seriously ill, and died in Paris on March 27, 1615, the last survivor of the Valois dynasty. She had named Henry and Marie’s son, the future Louis XIII, as her heir, cementing the link between the old Valois dynasty and the new Bourbons. She was buried in the funerary chapel of the Valois in the Basilica of St. Denis, but her casket disappeared; it either was lost during the chapel’s renovations or was destroyed in the French Revolution. The myth of a cursed, beautiful, lustful â€Å"Queen Margot† has persisted, largely in part because of misogynistic and anti-Medici histories. Influential writers, most notably Alexandre Dumas, exploited the rumors against her (which likely originated with her brother’s and husband’s courtiers) to criticize the age of royalty and the supposed depravity of women. It was not until the 1990s that historians began to investigate the truth of her history instead of centuries of compounded rumors. Sources Haldane, Charlotte. Queen of Hearts: Marguerite of Valois, 1553–1615. London: Constable, 1968.Goldstone, Nancy. The Rival Queens. Little Brown and Company, 2015.Sealy, Robert. The Myth of the Reine Margot: Toward the Elimination of a Legend. Peter Lang Inc., International Academic Publishers, 1995.

Le Chateliers Principle in Chemistry

Le Chatelier's Principle in Chemistry Le Chatelier†²s Principle is the principle when a stress is applied to a chemical system at equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift to relieve the stress. In other words, it can be used to predict the direction of a chemical reaction in response to a change in conditions of temperature, concentration, volume, or pressure. While Le Chateliers principle can be used to predict the response to a change in equilibrium, it does not explain (at a molecular level), why the system responds as it does. Chatalier's Principle or the Equilibrium Law The principle is named for Henry Louis Le Chatelier. Le Chatelier and Karl Ferdinand Braun independently proposed the principle, which is also known as Chateliers principle or the equilibrium law. The law may be stated: When a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change in temperature, volume, concentration, or pressure, the system readjusts to partially counter the effect of the change, resulting in a new equilibrium. While chemical equations are typically written with reactants on the left, an arrow pointing from left to right, and products on the right, the reality is that a chemical reaction is at equilibrium. In other words, a reaction may proceed in both the forward and backward direction or be reversible. At equilibrium, both the forward and back reactions occur. One may proceed much more quickly than the other. In addition to chemistry, the principle also applies, in slightly different forms, to the fields of pharmacology and economics. How to Use Le Chatelier's Principle in Chemistry Concentration: An increase in the amount of reactants (their concentration) will shift the equilibrium to produce more products (product-favored). Increasing the number of products will shift the reaction to make more reactants (reactant-favored). Decreasing reactants favors reactants. Decreasing product favors products. Temperature: Temperature may be added to a system either externally or as a result of the chemical reaction. If a chemical reaction is exothermic (ΔH  is negative or heat is released), heat is considered a product of the reaction. If the reaction is endothermic (ΔH  is positive or heat is absorbed), heat is considered a reactant. So, increasing or decreasing temperature can be considered the same as increasing or decreasing the concentration of reactants or products. In the temperature is increased, the heat of the system increases, causing the equilibrium to shift to the left (reactants). If the temperature is decreased, the equilibrium shifts to the right (products). In other words, the system compensates for the reduction in temperature by favoring the reaction that generates heat. Pressure/Volume: Pressure and volume can change if one or more of the participants in a chemical reaction is a gas. Changing the partial pressure or volume of a gas acts the same as changing its concentration. If the volume of gas increases, pressure decreases (and vice versa). If the pressure or volume increase, the reaction shifts toward the side with lower pressure. If the pressure is increased or volume decreases, equilibrium shifts toward the higher pressure side of the equation. Note, however, that adding an inert gas (e.g., argon or neon) increases the overall pressure of the system, yet does not change the partial pressure of the reactants or products, so no equilibrium shift occurs.