The Dynamics of Employee Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Dynamics of Employee Relations - Essay Example Historical Perspective In Britain’s history, three industrial relations systems have dominated during three distinct time periods. The collective laissez-faire system gave rise to trade unionism and industry bargaining, which lasted from about 1890 to 1960; crisis, reconstruction, and technological advances that led to mass layoffs and wage restraints between 1960 and 1980; and the single European market, deregulation, and erosion of economic autonomy, that led to the individualisation of industrial relations after the 1980s and until the present (Howell, 2000). The period 1890 to 1945 saw the most important developments in the role played by collective bargaining and trade unionism. Even prior to the 20th century, there were significant pieces of legislation passed that impacted on the legal obligations between employers and employees, such as the Employers Liability Act of 1880. By the 1900s a â€Å"new unionism† emerged that was characterized by more active union act ivity (particularly the use of strikes and â€Å"picketing†) and an increase in the number of members, accompanied by an increase in the employers’ recourse to the courts to file cases against trade unions. Generally, however, court rulings tended towards relaxation of the law in favour of the labour unions (Brodie, 2003). The entry of Britain into World Wars I and II created exigencies that impacted on government’s labour relations policy. Because of the importance of continued productivity to ensure an unhampered supply of the basic necessities, as well as the implements of war, the government took the stance that restrictive practices that tended to cause friction between employers and employees should be reduced, and cooperation ensured between them. This necessitated heavy government intervention. This was seen by labour as a relinquishment of some of their hard-won concessions. Initially this was left to voluntary means, but when this strategy failed, the state resorted to legislation that controlled profits, froze wages, banned strikes and lock-outs, and suspended restrictive practices. (Brodie, 2003). The post-war period, until the 1960s and 1970s, saw a bid to return Britain to its pre-war socio-economic normalcy. The policy pursued was consistent with the control exerted by the government during World War II, which was seen as highly successful and instrumental in tiding the country through the war. The Keynesian economic theory of state planning and intervention put into effect was accompanied with enhanced power for labour, which was warily greeted by industry. Some capitalists saw some wisdom in the strategy of the Labour government for economic regeneration through increased intervention, but stressed that this intervention must be tempered by â€Å"insulation from working class demands† (Price, 1990, p. 214). For the most part, however, capitalists held little sway over government policy at this time, with trade union ism being accorded

Leadership Across Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leadership Across Culture - Essay Example The globalization trend has had a great impact on the hospitality industry. As aconsequence, people with diversecultural backgrounds work even more together. It presents an advantage to the corporate world as a way of an organization differentiating itself from others in the industry. On the other hand, diverse cultural backgrounds can create a lot of conflicts. The hospitality industry has great dimensions with cultural strands. Therefore managing the diverse workforce in an effective way is a successful way of obtaining competitive advantage. Managing this cultural diversified workforce has become a challenging issue to HR managers in the hospitality industry (Holaday, 2007). Due to cultural diversity firms in the hospitality industry have encountered some serious questions. 1. How to upscale fairness for all employees despiteof their different cultural backgrounds? 2. How to increase the contribution of every member in a diverse team? 3. How to make the diverse workforce to work together with harmony to achieve common goals? For purposes of tackling these problems, firms involved in the provision of hospitality services have to make an efficient effort aimed at addressing the issue of cultural diversity. This is irrespective of whether the multicultural character or aspect emanates from the workforce, who comes from various international locations or countries, or even in one country, such as United States, but from a mixed background (Day, 2007). The concept of culture has different meaning to different people. The concept itself is complex, and this is because the name it has, refers to a broad and multi-dimensional concepts or phenomenon (Reisinger 2009, 86). It is intangible and only exist in peoples minds. It is also continuously changing and it is easy to get lost in the memories and mind of people. Cultures purpose is to explain how to interact with other

Nine Characteristics Of Policy Making Social Work Essay

Nine Characteristics Of Policy Making Social Work Essay Introduction Ever since the report of Sir William Beveridge The Social Insurance and Allied Services report was published at the end of 1942 has been seen as the cornerstone of the Welfare State as it indentified that national insurance contributions would insure that the state would provided social security so that the population would be protected from the cradle to the grave. This was the ideological aim by Beveridge to improve productivity our standing in the global market at a time when the world had be financially damaged by the conflict that occurred during World War 2. This report was the basis of welfare support by the state and the end of the poor law This essay will be looking at the Welfare Reform act introduced by the coalition government and the implied changes of the reform in which the transition of the population being protected by the state from cradle to grave towards a change the under the statement on the DWP website to make the benefits and tax credit systems fairer and simpler by: Creating the right incentives to get more people into work Protecting the most vulnerable in our society Delivering fairness to those claiming benefit and to the taxpayer. This essay will examine as to whether or not these changes to the welfare act has signalled a change in the direction for anti-poverty policies or whether these changes have already been coming and if the reform has highlighted and presented a change of direction in anti poverty polices in a more public light. It can be said that the impact of the global credit crunch and subsequent recession has played a contributory part in the changes that are taking place and has possibly garnered more public support in light of the squeeze that the recession has caused on the purses of working households. Seventy years ago, with Britain locked in battle against the armies of Nazi Germany, one of the most brilliant public servants of his generation was hard at work on a report that would change our national life for ever. Invited by Churchills government to consider the issue of welfare once victory was won, Sir William Beveridge set out to slay the five giants of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness. When his report was published at the end of 1942, it became the cornerstone of a welfare state that supported its citizens from cradle to grave, banishing the poverty and starvation of the Depression, and laying the foundations for the great post-war boom. For years the welfare state was one of the glories of Britains democratic landscape, a monument to the generosity and decency of human nature, offering a hand up to those unlucky enough to be born at the bottom. Nine characteristics of Policy Making FORWARD LOOKING The policy-making process clearly defines outcomes that the policy is designed to achieve and, where appropriate, takes a long-term view based on statistical trends and informed predictions of social, political, economic and cultural trends, for at least five years into the future of the likely effect and impact of the policy. The following points demonstrate a forward looking approach: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A statement of intended outcomes is prepared at an early stage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Contingency or scenario planning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Taking into account the Governments long term strategy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Use of DTIs Foresight programme and/or other forecasting work OUTWARD LOOKING The policy-making process takes account of influencing factors in the national, European and international situation; draws on experience in other countries; considers how policy will be communicated with the public. The following points demonstrate an outward looking approach: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Makes use of OECD, EU mechanisms etc à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Looks at how other countries dealt with the issue à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Recognises regional variation within England à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Communications/presentation strategy prepared and implemented INNOVATIVE, FLEXIBLE AND CREATIVE The policy-making process is flexible and innovative, questioning established ways of dealing with things, encouraging new and creative ideas; and where appropriate, making established ways work better. Wherever possible, the process is open to comments and suggestions of others. Risks are identified and actively managed. The following points demonstrate an innovative, flexible and creative approach: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Uses alternatives to the usual ways of working (brainstorming sessions etc) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Defines success in terms of outcomes already identified à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consciously assesses and manages risk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Takes steps to create management structures which promote new ideas and effective team working à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Brings in people from outside into policy team EVIDENCE-BASED The advice and decisions of policy makers are based upon the best available evidence from a wide range of sources; all key stakeholders are involved at an early stage and throughout the policys development. All relevant evidence, including that from specialists, is available in an accessible and meaningful form to policy makers. Key points of an evidence based approach to policy-making include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reviews existing research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Commissions new research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consults relevant experts and/or used internal and external consultants à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Considers a range of properly costed and appraised options INCLUSIVE The policy-making process takes account of the impact on and/or meets the needs of all people directly or indirectly affected by the policy; and involves key stakeholders directly. An inclusive approach may include the following aspects: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consults those responsible for service delivery/implementation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consults those at the receiving end or otherwise affected by the policy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Carries out an impact assessment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Seeks feedback on policy from recipients and front line deliverers JOINED UP The process takes a holistic view; looking beyond institutional boundaries to the governments strategic objectives and seeks to establish the ethical, moral and legal base for policy. There is consideration of the appropriate management and organisational structures needed to deliver cross-cutting objectives. The following points demonstrate a joined-up approach to policy-making: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cross cutting objectives clearly defined at the outset à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Joint working arrangements with other departments clearly defined and well understood à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Barriers to effective joined up clearly identified with a strategy to overcome them à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Implementation considered part of the policy making process REVIEW Existing/established policy is constantly reviewed to ensure it is really dealing with problems it was designed to solve, taking account of associated effects elsewhere. Aspects of a reviewing approach to policy-making include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ongoing review programme in place with a range of meaningful performance measures à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mechanisms to allow service deliverers /customers to provide feedback direct to policy makers set up à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Redundant or failing policies scrapped EVALUATION Systematic evaluation of the effectiveness of policy is built into the policy making process. Approaches to policy making that demonstrate a commitment to evaluation include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Clearly defined purpose for the evaluation set at outset à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Success criteria defined à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Means of evaluation built into the policy making process from the outset à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Use of pilots to influence final outcomes LEARNS LESSONS Learns from experience of what works and what does not. A learning approach to policy development includes the following aspects: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Information on lessons learned and good practice disseminated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Account available of what was done by policy-makers as a result of lessons learned à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Clear distinction drawn between failure of the policy to impact on the problem it was intended to resolve and managerial/operational failures of implementation. Conservative Thatcher Era It can be said that characteristics of the Labour and Conservative party remain constant, wherein there is a greater focus for Conservative government to reduce State dependency and a culture in the view of Thatcherism I think we have gone through a period when too many children and people have been given to understand I have a problem, it is the Governments job to cope with it! or I have a problem, I will go and get a grant to cope with it! I am homeless, the Government must house me! and so they are casting their problems on society and who is society? There is no such thing! There are individual men and women and there are families and no government can do anything except through people and people look to themselves first. It is our duty to look after ourselves and then also to help look after our neighbour and life is a reciprocal business and people have got the entitlements too much in mind without the obligations. (^  Interview for Womans Own (no such thing as society) with journalist Douglas Keay. Margaret Thatcher Foundation. 23  September 1987. Retrieved 10  April 2007.) This ideology is represented with policy changes such as the introduction of poll tax in which everyone was expected to contribute the same amount of tax regardless of income or wealth and is seen as a poverty creating policy. It could be said that the era of Tory power between 1979 and 1997 was a period when actions were being implemented to deal with the crisis of welfare within the UK. It had been suggested that between 1951 and 1979, levels of controversy over anti-poverty policies were, arguably, not particularly high. Conservative ideologists however had much to say about the case for bringing market conditions more effectively to bear on distribution of social services, but only in the housing field had Conservative governments taken steps that represented major responses to this viewpoint. Labour disappointed many of its supporters, who closely identified the party with the advancement of the Welfare State. A succession of economic crises limited the money available for new a nti-poverty polices. Yet both parties, even before the Thatcher government came into power had considerably advanced public expenditure particularly on social policies, to the point where some economists argued that this kind of expenditure had become inflationary force, limiting the scope for new wealth creating private investment. This is a view politicians began to take seriously by the 1970s, with the most staggering growth in seen in public employment and social security transfer payments. Although it is tempting to attribute the change in climate for social policy in the UK to the Conservative led government of 1979, the changes had been gradually emerging before that date, and those changes were rooted as much in economics as in ideology. Keynesian economic management techniques involving manipulation of levels of government expenditure and taxation were employed to try to retain full employment without inflation. This however was not possible with monetarists school of thought being that the government must control the money supply and let economic forces bring the system under control (Friedman, 1962, 1977). The government at the time when Thatcher took office were undoubtedly hostile to state social policy. This hostility was rooted in a commitment to privatization, the curbing of public services and attacking trade unions. The government was untroubled by the evidence that such an approach was generating increased poverty. Despite the aims to control social polic y expenditure, it nevertheless grew as a whole, with spending on the National Health Services and Welfare continually increasing. See Glennerster and Hills (1998) for a detailed analysis of those trends. It was during that era that they changed supplementary benefit which  was a means-tested benefit in the United Kingdom, paid to people on low incomes, whether or not they were classed as unemployed such as pensioners, the sick and single-parents. Introduced in November 1966, it replaced the earlier system of discretionary National Assistance payments and was intended to top-up other benefits, hence its name. It was paid weekly by the  DHSS, through  giro  cheques and  order books, or fortnightly by the Unemployment Benefit Office by giro and cashed at local  post offices. This was subsequently abolished and replaced by income support and housing benefit by the Thatcher government and also signalled the change for the provision of sickness absence for the first 28 weeks from National Insurance to a Statutory Sick Pay scheme run by employers. The 1986 Social Security Act extended the scope for contracting out from the SERP (State Earnings Related Pension Scheme) which is now the basic state pension allowing the growth of private pension plans. The family income supplement was replaced by family credit which went onto evolve into tax credits under the New Labour government. Under the Thatcher government was a total restructure of the benefits system, which included, along the ones mentioned previously that change of unemployment benefit to job seekers allowance to emphasise the behaviour required and make allowance tested means after the first six months. Other changes made by the government at that time included the transformation of the invalidity benefit to incapacity benefit, aiming to force all but severely handicapped, below pension age, to become job seekers. One of the most complex pieces of legislation was the state support for single parent families, which was designed to secure increased contributions from absent parents (normally fathers) through the Child Support Act of 1991. Labour The Blair government when it came to Welfare declared themselves as the government for Welfare Reform with a commitment to a stable public expenditure programme, but the tendency of social security costs to rise regardless of policy change which is a problem also faced by the Thatcher government, which in turn limited New labours room to manoeuvre. Labour saw the solution to this dilemma by increasing employment; the stimulation of labour-market participation by single parents and the disabled as well as the unemployed is central to their social security policy strategy This is seen trough the introduction of working tax credit and their welfare to work programmes for young people under 25. The most significant aim of New Labour was to eradicate child poverty and this was done with schemes such as child tax credit, but possibly the biggest change introduced to tackle poverty was the National Minimum wage, which was transcending and ensured that everyone was entitled to a basic pay regardless of job role and prevented employers from exploiting employees, there has now however been greater argument for the introduction of a living wage, which is something that the present labour party actively support, with current opposition leader Ed Milliband and former Mayor of London Ken Livingstone supporters of a national living wage. It is worth remembering that when Tony Blair came to power in 1997, he claimed that we had reached the limits of the publics willingness simply to fund an unreformed welfare system through ever higher taxes and spending. Urgent welfare reforms, he said, would cut the bills of social failure, releasing money for schools and hospitals. Welfare Reform 2012 The Policy Agenda The main elements of the welfare reform act are The introduction of Universal Credit to provide a single streamlined payment that will improve work incentives A stronger approach to reducing fraud and error with tougher penalties for the most serious offences A new claimant commitment showing clearly what is expected of claimants while giving protection to those with the greatest needs Reforms to Disability Living Allowance, through the introduction of the Personal Independence Payment to meet the needs of disabled people today Creating a fairer approach to Housing Benefit to bring stability to the market and improve incentives to work Driving out abuse of the Social Fund system by giving greater power to local authorities Reforming Employment and Support Allowance to make the benefit fairer and to ensure that help goes to those with the greatest need Changes to support a new system of child support which puts the interest of the child first. This changes signal possibly the hugest shake up to the welfare act in one fell swoop, it can be argued however that New Labour were already implementing changes to reduce the welfare bill, but not in a way as direct as the coalition government, with one of the main focus being to reduce poverty and eradicate child poverty which is something that this essay will touch on further on in the essay. Britain now spends  7.2 per cent of GDP on its welfare system, and the costs of supporting the, supposedly, needy continue to rise.  As the Whitehall empire grows, drowning the noble intentions of welfare in red tape, so too do the number who chose to abuse the system. the turn against welfare is unprecedented. In previous times of austerity, public attitudes have always remained remarkably generous. Even in the straitened late Seventies, for example, seven out of ten people told pollsters they would like to see higher taxes to pay for higher social spending. The truth is that we have reached a watershed. To look after the weak is the first duty of any decent government; to abandon them would be unconscionable. Embarrassingly, Britain now has the highest proportion of working-age people on disability benefit in the developed world. And while just 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °per cent of Japanese people and 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °per cent of Americans live in households where no one works, the figure in Britain is 13à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °per cent.   The people who really lose from this, incidentally, are those who are genuinely disabled. They deserve boundless public sympathy; instead, thanks to the abuse of the system, they are too often treated with scepticism. But behind all this lies a deeper issue. Beveridge designed the welfare state for a tightly knit, deeply patriotic and overwhelmingly working-class society, dominated by the nuclear family. Though millions of people had grown up in intense poverty, they were steeped in a culture of working-class respectability and driven by an almost Victorian work ethic. In the world of the narrow terrace back streets, deliberate idleness would have been virtually unthinkable. It could be said that the welfare reform might not necessarily be a change in direction for anti-poverty policies, but a policy implemented to change the mind set of a nation that has transformed from one where people thought about what they could contribute towards their own nation especially at a time of war, to a nation where certain individuals, bearing in mind a small minority of people believe they deserve more from the state without having to earn it. The key factors of welfare reform is universal credit which will be an all encompassing payment that incorporates vast majority of out-of-work and housing benefits that households can receive. Poverty Relative and Absolute Child poverty Prominent reduction target. Major tax benefit reforms benefiting low-income families with children. Working-age poverty Policy focus on worklessness, not poverty in itself. Policies aimed at employment and income at work. Employment Clearest initial priority. Action through New Deals and active policy towards unemployed. Political participation Some aspects of constitutional reform and parts of Social Exclusion Unit (SEU) agenda for neighbourhood renewal. Participation requirements embedded in nearly all policy areas. Targets for volunteering and confidence in institutions. Poor neighbourhoods Major focus of SEU, with ambitious overall target. Policies both area-based and for mainstream services. Children and early years Has moved up the agenda with reviews in 1998 and 2004. Large increase in resources. Older people services and long-term incomes Royal Commission on Long Term Care but divided report and responses in England and Scotland. State Second Pension and Pension Credit reforms. The making of Anti-Poverty Policies Anti poverty policies Tax credits (Child and working tax credits), Child benefit, housing benefit, council tax benefit, income based JSA and ESA (Job seekers allowance and Employment Support Allowance), Income Support, Universal Credit Anti-poverty policy making Joseph Rowntree Foundation Prior to the Welfare Reform act the focus of policies was that the state help its citizens from the cradle to the grave with welfare support polices introduced throughout which coincided with the introduction of the national health service has been the mainstay and direction of a lot of anti-poverty polices that have been introduced in which the state takes care of those unable to take care of themselves. Countless policies have been introduced in that time that have provided assistance to the elderly, disabled, women, children, unemployed and those with long-term sickness are some of the groups that polices introduce since Beveridges report in 1942 have focused on assisting and helping. Although its not a surprise that ever since the coalition came into government, bearing in mind that the party is dominated by the Tories as the majority party, there manifesto ever since 1979 and the era of Thatcherism has always been to reduce the role of the state and give individuals greater pow er and responsibility over their own lives. The question has to whether the welfare reform act 2012 has signalled a change in direction for anti-poverty policies is not a straight forward question, with a straight forward answer, it can be suggested that it is important to look at the changes that have been taking place, with the welfare bill spiralling out of control, which was something noticed by New Labour when they came into power. Conclusion The welfare reform act can be seen as change in direction from the description of a nanny state into state that helps those who want to help themselves

Technology Brings People Together Essay -- Technology Society Essays

Technology Brings People Together It is difficult to escape the influence of technology on modern life. It lurks behind every door: the classroom, home, office, and store. There are many who are resistant to new technology, saying that technology causes harm to society. These claims are often made without the realization that technology also includes important and indispensable parts in their life such as writing and the tools for writing. Writing was one of the first technologies invented. Technology has now become so entrenched in the majority of cultures around the world that it is hard to imagine a life or society without writing. For those that maintain a majority of technology beyond writing is harmful, imagine the difficulty in writing without the help of other technologies, which includes pencils, paper, computers, printing presses, and a number of other technological aids. In my project I attempted to write without the assistance of normal technologies that are often taken for granted. It proved a difficult undertaking. Before beginning to write I had to find something to write on. As I searched my house and yard I realized that technology-free materials are difficult to find. I eventually found a birch log by the fireplace, which was once used by Native Americans for the purpose of writing. After tearing off the bark, and shaking off the dirt I had my â€Å"paper.† The hardest part was still not over; I needed to find a replacement for the normal writing aid of a pencil or pen. I replaced ink with honey and traded a pen for a feather. My next step was the very slow process of streaking honey on the bark to form words. The honey was the same color as the birch and blended in with the wood. To f... ...deas and knowledge. Also, it is essential to understand in order to succeed in school, find information, and qualify for most jobs. New technologies continue to be created. The wisest step is to embrace the new technologies since they are unlikely to go away. Those who have the most knowledge of new technologies are able to accomplish more, and find more options available to them in life. Works Cited Baron, Dennis. â€Å"From Pencils to Pixels: The Stages of Literary Technologies.† Writing Material. Ed. Evelyn Tribble. New York. 2003. 35- 52. Ong, Walter. â€Å"Writing is a Technology that Restructures Thought.† Writing Material. Ed. Evelyn Tribble. New York. 2003. 315-335. Tribble and Trubek. Writing Material. Ed. Evelyn Tribble. New York. 2003. Twain, Mark. â€Å"The First Writing-Machines.† Writing Material. Ed. Evelyn Tribble. New York. 2003. 500-502.

Information Technology Acts Essay

The invention of the internet and the growing use of it by children caused for implementation of new protection acts. Among these acts are the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), which passed into law in 1998, and the Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA), which became law in 2000. This paper will discuss the advances in information technology that resulted in new ethical issues necessitating the creation of these acts. Children’s Online Protection Act (COPPA), 1998 As the internet grew in popularity among the public, children began to use it more and more for everything from homework, to communicating, to searching for whatever information is out there (surfing). In most cases, websites required the users to put in their personal contact information and, in many cases, allow the website upload tracking cookies to the user’s computer. Almost anyone could then find, buy, and/or use that information for whatever reason. Children’s personal information could be accessed by pedophiles, bullies, or any other type of creep. According to L. Fair of the Federal Trade Commission, COPPA puts parents in control of what information children put online. Whether studying, shopping, surfing or chatting, today’s kids take advantage of everything the Internet has to offer. But when it comes to their personal information, who’s in the driver’s seat? Parents, according to the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA ) and regulations enforced by the Federal Trade Commission. If you operate a website directed to children under 13 that collects personal information – or if you operate a website directed to a general audience and have actual knowledge you’re collecting personal information from kids – you must comply with COPPA’s two main requirements. First, you must prominently post your information security practices on your homepage and wherever you collect information from kids, including the kinds of information you collect; how you collect it (for example, directly from the child or passively, say, through cookies); how you use the information; whether you disclose it to third parties; and the procedures parents can follow to exercise their right to review their child’s personal information, refuse to allow its further collection or use, or have it deleted. Second, before collecting, using, or disclosing a child’s personal information, COPPA requires you to notify parents and get their verifiable consent (Fai r, n.d.). Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA), 2000 As the use of internet by children increased so did concerns about the safety and wellbeing of those children. When searching the internet using an online browser, anyone could type in the word â€Å"sex† or â€Å"porn† and be bombarded with pictures, videos, and websites depicting inappropriate and often offensive content. With e-mail, chat rooms, and other types of e-communication becoming more popular among children, the personal safety of those children became a major concern. There was no way of knowing for sure whom the child was communicating with or what that person’s intentions were. There have been cases of children meeting up with someone they met online and getting raped, kidnapped, and even killed. There was also the concern about what the children were doing online; there was no way of preventing children from hacking or doing other illegal activities on the internet. The government needed to do something to help ensure the safety of children using the internet at school and at the library. To address these concerns, Congress passed into federal law, the Children’s Internet Protection Act. According to the Federal Communications Commission: The Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) is a federal law enacted by Congress to address concerns about access to offensive content over the Internet on school and library computers. CIPA imposes certain types of requirements on any school or library that receives funding for Internet access or internal connections from the E-rate program – a program that makes certain communications technology more affordable for eligible schools and libraries. In early 2001, the FCC issued rules implementing CIPA. Schools subject to CIPA are required to adopt and enforce a policy to monitor online activities of minors. Schools and libraries subject to CIPA are required to adopt and implement an Internet safety policy addressing: (a) access by minors to inappropriate matter on the Internet; (b) the safety and security of minors when using electronic mail, chat rooms and other forms of direct electronic communications; (c) unauthorized access, including so-called â€Å"hacking,† and other unlawful activities by minors online; (d) unauthorized disclosure, use, and dissemination of personal information regarding minors; and (e) measures restricting minors’ access to materials harmful to them. Schools and libraries are required to certify that they have their safety policies and technology in place before receiving E-rate funding (Federal Communications Commission, n.d.). Conclusion With the popularity of the internet among minors came concerns about the children’s safety, wellbeing, exposure, and behavior. To address those concerns the government enacted a federal law that requires websites to get permission from parents before taking personal information from a child under 13 years old. Another law was implemented that protects and monitors the children using the internet at school and at the library by requiring schools and libraries to block access to inappropriate material. Under this law, schools and libraries are also required to implement a policy that addresses the safety and security of children using any form of direct online communication, addresses the illegal use of the internet by children, and addresses the safety of the children’s personal information.

Freewill vs Predistnation in Dr Faustus Essay

Dr Faustus is a german scholar who shuts himself off from human normal life to achieve his aspirations, he is not only willing to to sell his soul to the devil but also to be the devil himself † to be a spirit in form and in substance†,Dr Faustus is born to an ordinary family in germany in a small town called Rhode , he was educated at wittenberg a famous German university and obtained a degree in theology. Faustus is a shakeasperian character he isn’t rich or a king but he is a man of hight social rank,he has a flaw in his character,the hero (dr Faustus) has a problem in his character which leads to his downfall. Faustus is a great scientist who has a great knowledge,he has an extreme pride and arrogance, he is not happy with the level of knowledge and science that he reaches, he wants to reach a level that fit with his think,he wants to control the earth , to gaine power and full control,to transcend human life Oh what a world of profit and delight† Of power,of honour,of ominopotance By comparing himself with a â€Å"studious artizan,† Faustus hopes to gain all worldly pleasures and goods as the fruits of scholarly work. He does not understand,everything must be under his command All of these things have left him unsatisfied, so now he turns to magic to black magic Faustus realizes that by practicing the dark arts, he will have extreme power in the world. This is the turning point in his transition from scholar to magician. Faustus conjured a demon, Mephistophilis, ordering him to go to Lucifer with the offer of Faustus’s soul in return for twenty-four years of power and of pleasure with Mephistopheles as servant to him, Before the time comes to sign the contract, Faustus has doupts, but he puts them aside and signs away his soul, writing with his own blood. Faustus begins his years filled with sinful nature. He feeds greedly on the art of awakening the dead,he realizes his mistake in believing power will bring him happiness,at the end of his 24 years Faustus is filled with fears and he becomes regretful for his past action,yet this comes too late when his fellow scholars find his body torns in pieces and his soul carried to hell. There is a failure of Christianity at the end of the drama because Faustus fails o repent. He cries out but no one is ready to listen . The ultimate lesson is that if we try to change our label from â€Å"Human being† into â€Å"God†, ultimate truth will be a punishment and that is terrible damnation,The end of the Faustus is really horrible,Faustus doubts in god’s existence is the worst thing. Eternal damnation is a result of suspicion in God. Indeed, Faustus is a tragic common man.